Table II.
Association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and moderate/severe physical premenstrual symptoms during the premenstrual week in two cohorts of reproductive age women with regular cycles: EAGeR and BioCycle.
| EAGeR |
BioCycle |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25(OH)D sufficient (≥ 30 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D insufficient (< 30 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D (per 10 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D sufficient (≥ 30 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D insufficient (< 30 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D (per 10 ng/ml) | |
| Total number of moderate/severe physical symptoms | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 2.3 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | ||
| Unadjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.42 (0.17, 0.67) | −0.15 (−0.25, −0.05) | Ref | 0.03 (−0.84, 0.89) | −0.10 (−0.59, 0.39) |
| Adjusted 1: β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.31 (0.06, 0.51) | −0.10 (−0.20, 0.01) | Ref | −0.06 (−1.01, 0.89) | −0.13 (−0.69, 0.43) |
| Adjusted 2: β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.25 (0.00, 0.51) | −0.15 (−0.25, −0.05)* | Ref | −0.12 (−1.14, 0.90) | −0.03 (−0.63, 0.56) |
| Swelling of hands or feet | ||||||
| Prevalence | 17 (3.1) | 32 (5.4) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (10.3) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.75 (0.96, 3.18) | 0.76 (0.56, 1.02) | Ref | 3.49 (0.39, 30.84) | 0.67 (0.23, 1.96) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.67 (0.87, 3.23) | 0.78 (0.56, 1.08) | Ref | 2.96 (0.34, 26.04) | 0.31 (0.05, 1.97) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.6 (0.84, 3.07) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.12) | Ref | 1.89 (0.15, 23.91) | 0.56 (0.12, 2.7) |
| Breast tenderness or fullness | ||||||
| Prevalence | 127 (23.5) | 186 (31.2) | 7 (21.2) | 11 (28.2) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.33 (1.10, 1.61)* | 0.87 (0.79, 0.95)* | Ref | 1.33 (0.57, 3.08) | 0.93 (0.60, 1.46) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.27 (1.03, 1.55) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) | Ref | 1.37 (0.56, 3.32) | 0.88 (0.54, 1.45) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.30 (1.05, 1.61) | 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) | Ref | 2.02 (0.49, 8.33) | 0.76 (0.38, 1.48) |
| Abdominal bloating | ||||||
| Prevalence | 169 (31.2) | 219 (36.6) | 11 (32.4) | 18 (46.2) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.17 (0.995, 1.38) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | Ref | 1.43 (0.78, 2.61) | 0.93 (0.66, 1.30) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.17 (0.98, 1.39) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | Ref | 1.31 (0.63, 2.74) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.40) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.14 (0.96, 1.37) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | Ref | 1.61 (0.44, 5.85) | 0.84 (0.46, 1.51) |
| Lower abdominal cramping | ||||||
| Prevalence | 178 (32.9) | 241 (40.3) | 16 (47.1) | 16 (41) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.22 (1.05, 1.43)* | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | Ref | 0.87 (0.51, 1.48) | 1.11 (0.85, 1.45) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.13 (0.96, 1.33) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | Ref | 0.89 (0.48, 1.64) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.45) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.13 (0.95, 1.33) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | Ref | 0.96 (0.40, 2.29) | 1.10 (0.64, 1.88) |
| Generalized aches and pains | ||||||
| Prevalence | 73 (13.5) | 122 (20.4) | 4 (11.8) | 6 (15.8) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.52 (1.16, 1.98)* | 0.81 (0.71, 0.93)* | Ref | 1.34 (0.40, 4.45) | 0.65 (0.32, 1.32) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.33 (1.01, 1.78) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) | Ref | 1.36 (0.41, 4.45) | 0.60 (0.27, 1.36) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.25 (0.94, 1.67) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | Ref | 1.27 (0.14, 11.41) | 0.65 (0.16, 2.68) |
| Lower backache | ||||||
| Prevalence | 112 (20.7) | 157 (26.3) | 10 (29.4) | 7 (17.9) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.27 (1.03, 1.57) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.05) | Ref | 0.61 (0.26, 1.45) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.55) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.19 (0.95, 1.48) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | Ref | 0.42 (0.15, 1.12) | 1.14 (0.67, 1.94) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.12 (0.89, 1.41) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | Ref | 0.48 (0.13, 1.72) | 1.06 (0.57, 1.97) |
| Headache | ||||||
| Prevalence | 141 (26.0) | 153 (25.8) | 7 (20.6) | 7 (17.9) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | Ref | 0.87 (0.33, 2.27) | 0.99 (0.58, 1.67) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 0.94 (0.76, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | Ref | 0.96 (0.39, 2.32) | 1.10 (0.58, 2.09) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.11) | Ref | 0.73 (0.20, 2.68) | 1.13 (0.55, 2.34) |
| Fatigue | ||||||
| Prevalence | 152 (28.1) | 198 (33.2) | 10 (29.4) | 8 (20.5) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.18 (0.99, 1.41) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | Ref | 0.70 (0.31, 1.59) | 1.05 (0.67, 1.66) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.09 (0.90, 1.31) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | Ref | 0.82 (0.32, 2.10) | 0.88 (0.49, 1.60) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.07 (0.89, 1.3) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | Ref | 0.78 (0.26, 2.36) | 0.98 (0.54, 1.79) |
| Insomnia | ||||||
| Prevalence | 46 (8.5) | 63 (10.5) | 1 (3) | 1 (2.6) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.24 (0.86, 1.78) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | Ref | 0.85 (0.05, 13.65) | 0.36 (0.05, 2.75) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.14 (0.78, 1.67) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.15) | Ref | 0.57 (0.03, 10.41) | 0.18 (0.00, 20.95) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.17 (0.79, 1.73) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.18) | Ref | 0.69 (0, 114.24) | 0.98 (0.05, 18.97) |
25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; EAGeR, Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction; Ref, Reference; RR, risk ratio.
Bold results are significant at α = 0.05.
*
Indicates comparisons that remained after adjustment for false discovery rate.
Adjusted 1 model controls for age, BMI, smoking status, race, income, exercise, season of blood draw.
Adjusted 2 model controls for the variables in Adjusted 1 as well as depression (BioCycle) or antidepressant use (EAGeR), education, alcohol, race (EAGeR only), CRP (high sensitivity c-reactive protein), and parity.