Table III.
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations and risk of moderate/severe psychological premenstrual symptoms during the premenstrual week in two cohorts of reproductive age women with regular cycles: EAGeR and BioCycle.
| EAGeR |
BioCycle |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25(OH)D sufficient (≥ 30 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D insufficient (< 30 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D (per 10 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D sufficient (≥ 30 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D insufficient (< 30 ng/ml) | 25(OH)D (per 10 ng/ml) | |
| Total number of moderate/severe psychological symptoms | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 1.5 | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | ||
| Unadjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.07 (−0.11, 0.25) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06) | Ref | 0.40 (−0.19, 0.98) | −0.23 (−0.57, 0.10) |
| Adjusted 1: β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.02 (−0.17, 0.21) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | Ref | 0.34 (−0.25, 0.93) | −0.24 (−0.59, 0.11) |
| Adjusted 2: β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.03 (−0.16, 0.22) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.10) | Ref | 0.26 (−0.27, 0.80) | −0.22 (−0.53, 0.09) |
| Depression or sadness | ||||||
| Prevalence | 91 (16.8) | 107 (17.9) | 3 (8.8) | 5 (12.8) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.06 (0.83, 1.37) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) | Ref | 1.45 (0.37, 5.77) | 0.58 (0.25, 1.35) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.07 (0.82, 1.40) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.12) | Ref | 1.34 (0.29, 6.16) | 0.45 (0.12, 1.63) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.10 (0.84, 1.44) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | Ref | 1.42 (0.10, 19.7) | 0.63 (0.11, 3.67) |
| Tension or irritability | ||||||
| Prevalence | 215 (39.8) | 246 (41.3) | 8 (23.5) | 13 (33.3) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | Ref | 1.42 (0.66, 3.04) | 0.81 (0.53, 1.24) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | Ref | 1.41 (0.61, 3.29) | 0.68 (0.39, 1.20) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | Ref | 1.64 (0.58, 4.66) | 0.59 (0.28, 1.23) |
| Anxiety or nervousness | ||||||
| Prevalence | 97 (17.9) | 116 (19.4) | 5 (14.7) | 10 (25.6) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.09 (0.85, 1.38) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | Ref | 1.74 (0.65, 4.68) | 0.73 (0.42, 1.28) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) | Ref | 2.93 (0.79, 10.79) | 0.50 (0.19, 1.30) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.04 (0.80, 1.34) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | Ref | 2.14 (0.22, 20.85) | 0.56 (0.14, 2.26) |
| Anger, aggression, short temper | ||||||
| Prevalence | 154 (28.5) | 171 (28.6) | 6 (18.2) | 12 (30.8) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.00 (0.84, 1.21) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | Ref | 1.69 (0.70, 4.07) | 0.70 (0.43, 1.16) |
| Adjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | Ref | 2.19 (0.78, 6.13) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.24) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 0.92 (0.76, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | Ref | 1.18 (0.22, 6.19) | 0.84 (0.30, 2.39) |
| Crying spells | ||||||
| Prevalence | 75 (13.9) | 100 (16.8) | 2 (5.9) | 3 (7.7) | ||
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.21 (0.92, 1.60) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | Ref | 1.31 (0.23, 7.59) | 1.43 (0.58, 3.53) |
| Adjusted 1: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.11 (0.83, 1.48) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.13) | Ref | 2.01 (0.18, 22.43) | 1.18 (0.25, 5.50) |
| Adjusted 2: RR (95% CI) | Ref | 1.24 (0.92, 1.68) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | Ref | 0.94 (0.08, 11.57) | 1.31 (0.24, 7.08) |
25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; EAGeR, Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction; Ref, Reference; RR, risk ratio.
Bold results are significant at α = 0.05.
Indicates comparisons that remained after adjustment for false discovery rate.
Adjusted 1 model controls for age, BMI, smoking status, race, income, exercise, and season of blood draw.
Adjusted 2 model controls for the variables in Adjusted 1 as well as depression (BioCycle) or antidepressant use (EAGeR), education, alcohol, race (EAGeR only), CRP (high sensitivity c-reactive protein), and parity.