Table 1.
Characteristics of the study MRI sample at baseline (n = 59).
| Overall (n = 59) Mean (SD) or n (%) | Cycling (n = 38) Mean (SD) or n (%) | Stretching (n = 21) Mean (SD) or n (%) | t or χ2* | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | 77.3 (6.3) | 77.2 (6.3) | 77.4 (6.5) | 0.16 | 0.876 |
| Sex | 1.22 | 0.268 | |||
| Male | 31 (53%) | 22 (58%) | 9 (43%) | ||
| Female | 28 (47%) | 16 (42%) | 12 (57%) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | FET | 0.041 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 56 (95%) | 38 (100%) | 18 (86%) | ||
| Hispanic White | 2 (3%) | 0 | 2 (10%) | ||
| Black or African American | 1 (2%) | 0 | 1 (5%) | ||
| Education, years completed | 15.6 (2.6) | 15.5 (2.4) | 15.8 (3) | 0.42 | 0.673 |
| Marital status | FET | 0.685 | |||
| Married | 41 (69%) | 27 (71%) | 14 (67%) | ||
| Divorced | 6 (10%) | 4 (11%) | 2 (10%) | ||
| Widowed | 11 (19%) | 7 (18%) | 4 (19%) | ||
| Live as married | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | ||
| Never married | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Living arrangement | FET | 0.740 | |||
| Alone | 12 (20%) | 8 (21%) | 4 (19%) | ||
| With spouse/partner only | 35 (59%) | 23 (61%) | 12 (57%) | ||
| With spouse/partner and other | 5 (8%) | 2 (5%) | 3 (14%) | ||
| With family | 7 (12%) | 5 (13%) | 2 (10%) | ||
| Other | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Clinical indicators | |||||
| Dementia severity (MMSE) | 21.7 (3.2) | 21.5 (3.5) | 22.2 (2.7) | 0.87 | 0.390 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.2 (4.4) | 27.7 (5.3) | 0.34 | 0.736 |
| AD medication | 0.44 | 0.508 | |||
| Any AD medication | 36 (61%) | 22 (58%) | 14 (67%) | ||
| Not used | 23 (39%) | 16 (42%) | 7 (33%) | ||
| # comorbidities | 6 (1.9) | 6.3 (1.7) | 5.5 (2) | −1.63 | 0.110 |
| NPI-Q symptom presence | 3.4 (2.1) | 3.8 (2.0) | 2.8 (2.2) | −1.67 | 0.100 |
| NPI-Q severity | 5.1 (3.8) | 5.7 (3.7) | 4.0 (3.7) | −1.66 | 0.102 |
| NPI-Q caregiver distress | 7.1 (5.7) | 7.7 (5.0) | 6.0 (6.9) | −1.10 | 0.274 |
| ADL (DAD percent score) | 76.9 (16.3) | 76.7 (13.0) | 77.3 (21.2) | 0.12 | 0.906 |
| Premorbid intellect (WTAR) | 35.2 (10.7) | 35.9 (9.4) | 33.9 (12.8) | −0.72 | 0.476 |
| Attrition | |||||
| 6-month attrition | 8 (13.5%) | 6 (15.8%) | 2 (9.5%) | FET | 0.257 |
| 12-month attrition | 14 (23.7%) | 11 (28.9%) | 3 (14.3%) | FET | 0.338 |
| Exercise adherence | |||||
| Sessions attended | 55.8 (20.3) | 55.5 (19.4) | 56.2 (22.4) | 0.12 | 0.906 |
| Attended session meeting prescription | 75 (23) | 70 (23) | 88 (19) | 3.06 | 0.003 |
| Per protocol | 32 (54%) | 18 (47%) | 14 (67%) | 2.03 | 0.154 |
| MRI measures | |||||
| Hippocampal volume | 5.266 (1.090) | 5.236 (1.099) | 5.320 (1.099) | 0.08 | 0.780 |
| AD-signature cortical thickness | 2.504 (0.170) | 2.495 (0.170) | 2.518 (0.172) | 0.24 | 0.629 |
| WMH volume | 13,608 (14,710) | 14,122 (17,321) | 12,679 (8,432) | 0.13 | 0.722 |
| NFQ | 0.525 (0.221) | 0.550 (0.204) | 0.480 (0.247) | 1.36 | 0.249 |
*
FET, Fisher Exact Test, if expected cell counts ≤ 5; AD, Alzheimer's disease; DAD, disability in Alzheimer's Disease; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; NPI-Q, neuropsychiatric inventory-caregiver; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.