Table 3.
Case-control studies on the association between exposure to different classes of environmental EDCs (based on matrix measurements) and hypospadias in boys.
| Reference | Matrix | Chemicals/congeners reported | N of cases/controls | Country | Association between chemical levels and hypospadias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flame retardants | |||||
| Poon (137) | Maternal hair (after pregnancy) | 8 PBDEs | 152/64 | Canada | Hypospadias was associated with higher maternal hair PBDE levels (total and congeners 28, 47, 99, 153 and 154) |
| Koren (138) | |||||
| Carmichael (139) | Maternal mid-pregnancy serum | 5 PBDEs | 20/28 | USA | NS |
| Small (105) | Maternal serum before or after conception | PBB-153 | 5/454 | USA | NS |
| PCBs | |||||
| Carmichael (139) | Maternal mid-pregnancy serum | 9 PCBs | 20/28 | USA | NS |
| Giordano (140) | Maternal serum after pregnancy | 4 PCBs (118,138,153 and 180) and their sum | 37/21 | Italy | NS |
| McGlynn (112) | Maternal serum (third trimester) | 11 PCBs and their sums | 201/593 | USA | NS |
| Rignell-Hydbom (141) | Maternal serum from early pregnancy | PCB-153 | 229/229 | Sweden | NS |
| Perfluorinated compounds | |||||
| Toft (114) Anand-Ivell (115) | Amniotic fluid | PFOS | 75/300 | Denmark | NS |
| 48/190 (limited to g w 13-16) | |||||
| Pesticides | |||||
| Shekharyadav (142) | Boy’s blood | HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan alpha, endosulfan beta, DDT and DDE | 80/120 | India | Hypospadias was associated with higher levels of DDE and beta- and gamma-HCH |
| Bhatia (119) | Maternal serum during or after pregnancy | DDT, DDE | 66/283 | USA | NS |
| Carmichael (139) | Maternal mid-pregnancy serum | DDT, DDE, HCB | 20/28 | USA | NS |
| Giordano (140) | Maternal serum after pregnancy | DDE, HCB | 37/21 | Italy | Positive association between risk of hypospadias and HCB levels |
| Longnecker (120) | Third trimester maternal serum | DDE | 199/552 | USA | NS |
| Rignell-Hydbom (141) | Maternal serum from early pregnancy | p,p’-DDE, HCB | 237/237 | Sweden | HCB: Highest exposure quartile was associated with higher risk of hypospadias |
| DDE: Tendency to higher risk, but no statistically significant association | |||||
| Trabert (122) | Third trimester maternal serum | Trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane | 197/557 | USA | NS |
| Haraux (143) | Meconium | 11 pesticides and metabolites | 25/58 | France | Presence of 2-methy-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and isoproturon in meconium was associated with the risk hypospadias |
| Phthalates | |||||
| Anand-Ivell (115) | Amniotic fluid (weeks 13-16) | DEHP metabolite 5cx-MEPP and DiNP metabolite 7cx-MMeHP | 48/190 | Denmark | NS |
| Jensen (128) | Second- trimester amniotic fluid | DEHP metabolite 5cx-MEPP, DiNP metabolite 7cx-MMeHP | 75/300 | Denmark | NS |
| Chevrier (127) | Maternal urine during pregnancy | 11 phthalate metabolites: sum of low- molecular weight phthalates, | 19/57 | France | Significantly lower risk of hypospadias with the second tertile of urinary levels of low molecular weight phthalates |
| sum of 4 DEHP metabolites, | |||||
| sum of high- molecular weight phthalates | |||||
| Solvents | |||||
| Warembourg (130) | Maternal urine during pregnancy | Glycol ether metabolites methoxyacetic acid (MAA), phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) | 15/45 | France | Highest tertile of MAA levels was associated with a higher risk of hypospadias |
| Combined exposures | |||||
| Rignell-Hydbom (141) | Maternal serum from early pregnancy | PCB-153, DDE, HCB | 229/229 | Sweden | NS |
NS, no statistically significant association.
Only statistically significant findings are shown.