Table 3.
WMM Stigma item means, percent endorsement by response category, factor loadings, and internal consistency reliability (n=199)
| Item | Percent endorsement by category | Factor loadings | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | SD | D | A | SA | I | II | |||||
| Cultural Factors Shape | |||||||||||
| 1. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV is not a devout Christian. | 2.5 (0.8) | 9.1% | 43.2% | 35.7% | 12.1% | 0.46 | 0.09 | ||||
| 2. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV got HIV because she was promiscuous to get money. | 2.7 (0.9) | 8.0% | 35.5% | 35.0% | 21.5% | 0.69 | 0.08 | ||||
| 3. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV will not be seen as a respectful wife. | 2.6 (0.8) | 8.0% | 35.0% | 41.5% | 15.5% | 0.73 | 0.05 | ||||
| 4. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV is unable to take care of her children. | 2.3 (0.8) | 15.0% | 48.5% | 31.0% | 5.5% | 0.67 | −0.12 | ||||
| 5. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV does not have the ability to properly take care of her home. | 2.3 (0.8) | 12.5% | 53.0% | 27.5% | 7.0% | 0.58 | −0.16 | ||||
| 6. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV is not a reliable foundation for her family. | 2.4 (0.8) | 10.0% | 44.0% | 39.0% | 7.0% | 0.87 | −0.04 | ||||
| 7. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV has not been raised by her family to be disciplined and respectful. | 2.3 (0.8) | 12.0% | 50.5% | 29.0% | 8.5% | 0.81 | 0.00 | ||||
| 8. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV does not respect herself. | 2.4 (0.8) | 12.5% | 46.0% | 32.0% | 9.5% | 0.83 | −0.02 | ||||
| 9. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV was promiscuous before marriage. | 2.6 (0.9) | 9.0% | 37.5% | 34.5% | 19.0% | 0.80 | 0.05 | ||||
| 10. Most Batswana believe the community will gossip a lot about a woman with HIV. | 2.9 (0.8) | 5.5% | 21.0% | 53.0% | 20.5% | 0.49 | 0.11 | ||||
| Cultural Capacities Protect | |||||||||||
| 11. Most Batswana believe that a woman with HIV who is a God-fearing woman will not feel ashamed about her HIV status. | 2.9 (0.6) | 2.5% | 16.0% | 67.0% | 14.5% | 0.02 | 0.38 | ||||
| 12. Most Batswana believe a woman with HIV who has a man who can provide for her will be respected by others. | 2.8 (0.7) | 5.5% | 21.5% | 60.5% | 12.5% | 0.08 | 0.42 | ||||
| 13. Most Batswana believe that an employed woman with HIV who provides for the family should be respected. | 3.0 (0.7) | 3.5% | 13.5% | 67.5% | 15.5% | 0.03 | 0.44 | ||||
| 14. Most Batswana will not look down on a woman with HIV who is loyal to her husband. | 3.0 (0.7) | 3.0% | 14.5% | 62.0% | 20.5% | −0.04 | 0.78 | ||||
| 15. Most Batswana will not look down on a woman with HIV who has children. | 2.9 (0.7) | 2.5% | 18.5% | 63.0% | 16.0% | −0.09 | 0.66 | ||||
| 16. Most Batswana respect a woman with HIV who raises successful children. | 3.1 (0.6) | 1.0% | 10.5% | 67.5% | 21.0% | 0.05 | 0.81 | ||||
| 17. Most Batswana will respect a woman with HIV who properly cares for her husband. | 3.1 (0.6) | 2.0% | 9.5% | 67.5% | 21.0% | −0.05 | 0.83 | ||||
| 18. Most Batswana respect a woman with HIV who takes care of herself and looks attractive. | 3.1 (0.6) | 2.5% | 9.5% | 65.5% | 22.5% | −0.02 | 0.86 | ||||
| 19. Most Batswana would give Botho to a woman with HIV who treats others with Botho. | 3.2 (0.6) | 1.5% | 5.5% | 63.5% | 29.5% | 0.06 | 0.73 | ||||
| 20. Most Batswana will respect a woman with HIV who looks healthy and attractive. | 3.1 (0.6) | 1.5% | 10% | 67.5% | 21% | 0.04 | 0.86 | ||||
| Cronbach’s Alpha – α | 0.90 | 0.90 | |||||||||
Response categories: SD = strongly disagree, D = disagree, A = agree, SA = strongly agree; exploratory factor analysis specifying 2 factors and oblique rotation; internal consistency reliability (α) for each subscale based on items in bold