Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Clinical and Demographic Information of All Participants Based on Clinical Diagnosis (N = 811)
| Healthy Controls | Schizophrenia | Schizoaffective Disorder | Bipolar Disorder With Psychosis | Pairwise Comparisons | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 330 | 199 | 122 | 160 | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 37.19 (12.42) | 34.69 (12.24) | 35.31 (11.98) | 35.86 (12.94) | |
| Sex (%) | |||||
| Female | 179 (54.2) | 66 (33.2) | 69 (56.6) | 109 (68.1) | SZ vs SZA*** SZA vs BDP*** SZ vs HC*** BDP vs HC** |
| Male | 150 (45.5) | 133 (66.8) | 53 (43.4) | 51 (31.9) | |
| Race (%) | |||||
| Caucasian | 211 (63.9) | 93 (46.7) | 67 (54.9) | 118 (73.8) | SZ vs BDP*** SZ vs HC*** SZA vs BDP** |
| Other | 119 (36.1) | 106 (53.3) | 55 (45.1) | 42 (26.2) | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Asian | 16 (4.8) | 4 (2.0) | 2 (1.6) | 4 (2.5) | |
| Black or African American | 86 (26.1) | 89 (44.7) | 47 (38.5) | 33 (20.6) | |
| Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| More than one race | 6 (1.8) | 8 (4.0) | 5 (4.1) | 2 (1.2) | |
| Other | 6 (1.8) | 5 (2.5) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (1.9) | |
| Site (%) | |||||
| Baltimore | 50 (15.2) | 65 (32.7) | 26 (21.3) | 27 (16.9) | SZ vs SZA*** SZ vs BDP** SZ vs HC*** SZA vs BDP*** SZA vs HC*** BDP vs HC** |
| Boston | 34 (10.3) | 5 (2.5) | 2 (1.6) | 5 (3.1) | |
| Chicago | 71 (21.5) | 40 (20.1) | 25 (20.5) | 56 (35.0) | |
| Dallas | 69 (20.9) | 18 (9.0) | 33 (27.0) | 24 (15.0) | |
| Detroit | 37 (11.2) | 26 (13.1) | 1 (0.8) | 20 (12.5) | |
| Hartford | 69 (20.9) | 45 (22.6) | 35 (28.7) | 28 (17.5) | |
| Handedness (%) | |||||
| Ambidextrous | 4 (1.2) | 4 (2.0) | 4 (3.3) | 1 (0.6) | |
| Left handed | 33 (10.0) | 20 (10.1) | 9 (7.4) | 24 (15.0) | |
| Right handed | 281 (85.2) | 171 (85.9) | 109 (89.3) | 135 (84.4) | |
| PANSS Total Score, mean (SD) | N/A | 65.77 (17.06) | 68.58 (15.98) | 54.14 (14.31) | SZ vs BDP*** SZA vs BDP*** |
| MADRS Total Score, mean (SD) | N/A | 8.57 (8.14) | 14.02 (10.06) | 9.83 (8.93) | SZA vs BDP*** SZA vs SZ*** |
| YMRS Total Score, mean (SD) | N/A | 5.43 (5.50) | 7.22 (6.11) | 5.96 (6.81) | SZA vs SZ* |
| CPZ Equivalency, mean (SD) | N/A | 528.40 (425.44) | 525.35 (462.31) | 332.52 (335.20) | SZA vs BDP** SZ vs BDP** |
| BACS Cognition Score, mean (SD) | 0.02 (1.14) | −1.72 (1.30) | −1.44 (1.36) | −0.90 (1.30) | HC vs BDP*** HC vs SZ *** HC vs SZA*** SZA vs BDP*** SZ vs BDP*** SZ vs SZA* |
Note: HC, healthy controls; SZ, schizophrenia; SZA, schizoaffective disorder; BDP, bipolar disorder with psychosis; PANSS, The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; MADRS, The Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; CPZ, chlorpromazine. Participants with missing data were removed from the analyses of the fields of their missing data (1 healthy control did not have data for age and sex, 16 participants did not have data for handedness, 11 probands did not have data for PANSS, 12 probands did not have data for MADRS, 12 probands did not have data for YMRS, and 172 probands did not have data for antipsychotic intake).
*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001 false discovery rate corrected.