Table 1.

Histone modifications involved in energy metabolism.

Gene IDs	Model	Tissues/cells	Target genes	Modifications	Brief phenotypes	References
GCN5	Knockout	Skeletal muscle	PPARγ, PGC-1α	Acetylation	Decrease fatty acid oxidation and facilitate brown adipogenesis and beige adipocyte differentiation	Gerhart-Hines et al. (2007); Jin et al. (2014); Kawabe et al. (2019)
HDAC1/2	Knockdown	White adipocytes	CK2, UCP1, PGC-1α	Acetylation, phosphorylation	Inhibit thermogenesis	Shinoda et al. (2015); Kim et al. (2019)
HDAC3	Knockout	Hepatocytes, white adipocytes	GPAM, REV-ERBa, NCoR, PGC-1α, PPARα/γ, UCP1	Acetylation	Increase lipogenesis, decrease fatty acid oxidation, and impose a futile cycle of fatty acid utilization and synthesis	Feng et al. (2011); Sun et al. (2012); Ferrari et al. (2017)
HDAC3	Knockout	Brown adipocytes	UCP1, PGC-1α, OXPHOS	Acetylation	Decrease capacity for thermogenesis in BAT	Emmett et al. (2017)
HDAC5/9	Knockdown	Liver	PPARα, IL-6	Acetylation, phosphorylation	Induce hepatic fatty acid oxidation and increase energy expenditure and adaptive thermogenesis	Chatterjee et al. (2014); Qiu et al. (2018)
HDAC6/10	Knockout	Adipocytes	CIDEC	Acetylation	Increase fat accumulation and reduce insulin sensitivity	Qian et al. (2017)
HDAC11	Knockout	Liver, adipocytes	UCP1	Acetylation	Induce adiponectin‒AMPK signaling-mediated TG accumulation and promote thermogenic function	Sun et al. (2018)
CBP, p300	Knockout	Adipocytes	UCP1	Acetylation	Induce severe lipodystrophy along with marked hepatic steatosis, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia	Namwanje et al. (2019)
HDAC6	Knockout	Adipocytes	CIDEC	Acetylation	Increase fat storage and contribute to the development of obesity	Qian et al. (2017); Lieber et al. (2019)
LSD1	Activate	Adipocytes	FAD, C/EBP, H3K4me1, H3K4me2	Methylation	Promote oxidative metabolism and energy expenditure	Duteil et al. (2014)
EHMT1/2	Knockout	Adipocytes	H3K9me2, H3K9me3	Methylation	Reduce adaptive thermogenesis, obesity, and systemic insulin resistance	Ohno et al. (2013); Harms et al. (2014)
PRDM16	Knockout	Brown adipocytes	IRF-E, ISRE	Methylation	Induce brown fatlike characteristics	Kissig et al. (2017)
JMJD1A	Knockout	Brown adipocytes	UCP1, PPARGC1A, PDK4, PCK1, ADRB1	Methylation	Decrease heat generation in BAT and oxygen consumption	Tateishi et al. (2009); Abe et al. (2015)
JMJD1A	Activate	Adipocytes	H3K9me2	Phosphorylation, methylation	Promote beige adipogenesis	Abe et al. (2018)
EZH2	Knockout	Adipocytes	APOE	Methylation	Increase lipid uptake in adipocytes	Yiew et al. (2019)
JMJD3	Activate	Adipocytes	UCP1, Cidea, H3K27me3	Methylation	Induce brown adipogenesis	Pan et al. (2015)
KMT5A, KMT5B, KMT5C	Knockout	Adipocytes	PPARγ, TRP53, H4K20me1, H3K27me3	Methylation	Impair thermogenic program and susceptible to HFD-induced obesity	Zhao et al. (2020)
KDM6B	Activate	White adipocytes	H3K27me3, H3K4me3	Methylation	Facilitate the browning of iWAT	Pan et al. (2015)
PARP1	Knockout	Adipocytes	C/EBPβ, HPF1, PPARγ, Fabp4	ADP-ribosylation	Induce the formation of mature adipocytes	Luo et al. (2017)
OGT	Knockout	Breast cancer cells	AMPK, SREBP1	O-GlcNAcylation	Induce decreases in lipids	Sodi et al. (2018)
PTM	Activate	BMDMs	Lactoyl-CoA, P300	Lactylation	Promote M1 macrophage polarization and elevate intracellular lactate amounts	Zhang et al. (2019a)