Table 2.
Comparison of glycemic control between childhood-onset type 1 diabetes patients with and without comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders
| Comorbid diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorder | Mean HbA1c (SD) | Crude modela | Adjusted modelb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | mmol/mol | 6.6%-7.5% (49-59 mmol/mol) vs ≤6.5% (≤48 mmol/mol) | 7.6%-8.5% (60-69 mmol/mol) vs ≤6.5% (≤48 mmol/mol) | >8.5% (>69 mmol/mol) vs ≤6.5% (≤48 mmol/mol) | 6.6%-7.5% (49-59 mmol/mol) vs ≤6.5% (≤48 mmol/mol) | 7.6%-8.5% (60-69 mmol/mol) vs ≤6.5% (≤48 mmol/mol) | >8.5% (>69 mmol/mol) vs ≤6.5% (≤48 mmol/mol) | |
| No neurodevelopmental disorder | 7.7 (1.1) | 60.6 (11.6) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Any neurodevelopmental disorder | 8.1 (1.3) | 64.8 (13.7) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) | 1.36 (1.06, 1.76) | 2.12 (1.64,2.75) | 0.84 (0.63, 1.12) | 1.30 (0.98, 1.72) | 1.51 (1.13, 2.03) |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 8.3 (1.3) | 66.7 (14.1) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.16) | 1.49 (1.04, 2.14) | 2.90 (2.03, 4.15) | 0.87 (0.58, 1.30) | 1.56 (1.05, 2.30) | 2.31 (1.54, 3.45) |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 7.7 (1.1) | 60.8 (11.7) | 0.89 (0.45, 1.75) | 1.13 (0.58, 2.20) | 1.02 (0.48, 2.13) | 0.78 (0.38, 1.57) | 0.88 (0.43, 1.78) | 0.58 (0.26, 1.30) |
| Intellectual disability | 8.0 (1.2) | 63.5 (13.0) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.20) | 1.29 (0.81, 2.05) | 1.37 (0.83, 2.26) | 1.00 (0.42, 2.41) | 1.08 (0.45, 2.60) | 1.41 (0.57, 3.49) |
aMultinomial logistic regression model.
bAdditionally adjusted for sex, age at diabetes diagnosis, year of birth and year of diabetes diagnosis, other psychiatric morbidity, smoking status, mean BMI, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, parental highest education level, and parental psychiatric morbidity.