Table 3.
Incidence rates (IRs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for diabetic complications between childhood-onset type 1 diabetes with and without comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders.
| Comorbid diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorder | Diabetic complications | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any nephropathy | ||||||
| Number of outcomes/ person-years | IR (95% CI) | Crude model, HR (95% CI) | Model 1a, HR (95% CI) | Model 2b, HR (95% CI) | Model 3c, HR (95% CI) | |
| No neurodevelopmental disorder | 416/81,141 | 5.13 (4.65, 5.64) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Any neurodevelopmental disorder | 43/6154 | 6.99 (5.06, 9.41) | 1.41 (1.03, 1.93) | 1.69 (1.21, 2.35) | 1.66 (1.20, 2.31) | 1.72 (1.21, 2.44) |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 24/3266 | 7.35 (4.71, 10.93) | 1.50 (0.99, 2.26) | 1.94 (1.26, 2.99) | 1.81 (1.17, 2.79) | 1.90 (1.20, 3.00) |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 4/726 | 5.51 (1.50, 14.10) | 1.11 (0.42, 2.98) | 1.27 (0.47, 3.43) | 1.39 (0.51, 3.74) | 0.79 (0.19, 3.18) |
| Intellectual disability | 8/604 | 13.24 (5.72, 26.09) | 2.57 (1.28, 5.17) | 2.85 (1.13, 4.62) | 2.27 (1.12, 4.59) | 2.64 (1.30, 5.37) |
| Any retinopathy | ||||||
| Number of outcomes /person-years | IR (95% CI) | Crude model, HR (95% CI) | Model 1a, HR (95% CI) | Model 2b, HR (95% CI) | Model 3c, HR (95% CI) | |
| No neurodevelopmental disorder | 2429/74,082 | 32.79 (31.50, 34.12) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Any neurodevelopmental disorder | 199/5632 | 35.33 (30.60, 40.60) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) | 1.23 (1.06, 1.43) | 1.18 (1.01, 1.37) | 1.18 (1.00, 1.40) |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 110/3001 | 36.66 (30.13, 44.18) | 1.18 (0.97, 1.43) | 1.39 (1.13, 1.69) | 1.30 (1.06, 1.58) | 1.33 (1.07, 1.66) |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 27/668 | 40.42 (26.63, 58.81) | 1.28 (0.88, 1.87) | 1.50 (1.02, 2.20) | 1.43 (0.96, 2.13) | 1.34 (0.85, 2.12) |
| Intellectual disability | 16/633 | 28.93 (16.53, 46.98) | 0.90 (0.55, 1.46) | 0.79 (0.48, 1.29) | 0.75 (0.45, 1.26) | 0.73 (0.41, 1.28) |
aModel 1: Cox model adjusted for sex, age at diabetes diagnosis, year of birth and year of diabetes diagnosis, other psychiatric morbidity, parental highest education level and parental psychiatric morbidity.
bModel 2: Additionally adjusted for mean HbA1c levels.
cModel 3: Additionally adjusted for mean BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and smoking status.