Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample in early childhood (4-8 years): the Healthy Start Study
| Variables | Observations, n | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||
| Age category | 286 | |
| 4 to <5 years | 218 (76) | |
| 5 to <6 years | 43 (15) | |
| ≥ 6 years | 25 (9) | |
| Male sex | 286 | 140 (49) |
| Race/ethnicity | 284 | |
| Hispanic | 76 (27) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 151 (53) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 33 (12) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 24 (8) | |
| Household income | 286 | |
| < $50 000 | 100 (35) | |
| $50 000 - $100 000 | 85 (30) | |
| > $100 000 | 91 (32) | |
| BMI category | 285 | |
| Underweight: <5th percentile | 22 (8) | |
| Normal: 5th to <85th percentile | 226 (79) | |
| Overweight/obesity: ≥85th percentile | 37 (13) | |
| Clinical | ||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 209 | 81.7 (7.0) |
| Insulin, uIU/mL | 212 | 6.2 (3.0) |
| HOMA-IR | 195 | 1.3 (0.7) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 213 | 56.8 (20.0) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 213 | 146.2 (23.4) |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 213 | 85.0 (19.7) |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 213 | 49.8 (9.1) |
| Adiponectin, ug/dL | 230 | 15.4 (6.1) |
| Leptin,a ng/mL | 230 | 5.5 (3.8-7.5) |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 284 | 56.5 (5.1) |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 284 | 97.5 (8.3) |
| Abdominal VAT, mm2 | 275 | 11.4 (3.9) |
| Abdominal SAT, mm2 | 275 | 46.8 (25.2) |
| VAT/SAT ratio | 275 | 0.3 (0.1) |
| Fat mass, kg | 283 | 3.7 (1.6) |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 283 | 14.3 (2.7) |
| Body fat, % | 283 | 20.6 (6.7) |
| Hepatic fat,a % | 286 | 1.6 (1.2-2.1) |
Unless otherwise noted, data are given number (percentage) for demographic variables and mean (SD) for clinical variables.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BP, blood pressure; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue.
a Data given as median (interquartile range).