Table 4.

Stratified estimates for associations of log-hepatic fat with select metabolic variables in early childhood (4-8 years): the Healthy Start Study

	Model 1a			Model 2b			Model 3c			Model 4d
Dependent variable	n	β (95% CI)e	P-value	n	β (95% CI)e	P-value	n	β (95% CI)e	P-value	n	β (95% CI)e	P-value
Glucose, mg/dL
Girls	101	1.06 (−1.83, 3.94)	0.47	100	0.82 (−1.93, 3.57)	0.56	92	0.85 (−2.1, 3.79)	0.57	91	0.88 (−2.08, 3.85)	0.56
Boys	108	6.08 (3.54, 8.63)	<0.001	108	4.91 (2.44, 7.37)	<0.001	96	5.44 (2.78, 8.11)	<0.001	95	5.53 (2.84, 8.21)	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL
Girls	103	−0.11 (−8.29, 8.06)	0.98	102	−0.34 (−8.55, 7.87)	0.94	94	1.77 (−6.73, 10.27)	0.68	93	1.85 (−6.72, 10.42)	0.67
Boys	110	11.20 (3.74, 18.67)	0.003	110	10.27 (2.65, 17.90)	0.009	98	10.73 (2.8, 18.66)	0.008	97	10.92 (2.92, 18.91)	0.008

Bolding indicates P < 0.05.

^a Model 1: unadjusted.

^b Model 2: adjusted for Hispanic ethnicity and age (yrs) at the Healthy Start Phase 2 visit.

^c Model 3 adjusted for Model 2 covariates plus household income, small-for-gestational age, breastfeeding, maternal age (yrs), parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m²), gestational weight gain (kg/wk), maternal DM during pregnancy, maternal smoking, physical activity (average metabolic equivalent hours/week), and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2010 score) during pregnancy.

^d Model 4: adjusted for Model 3 covariates plus percent body fat at the Healthy Start Phase 2 visit. Results were similar when adjusted for VAT (mm²) at the Healthy Start Phase 2 visit.

^e B-coefficients are calculated for the effect of a 1 unit increase in log-hepatic fat at 4 to 8 years on the dependent variable.