Table 3.
Association between sleep habit profiles and related measures for both PCOS and UI subjects
| Variable | Ever snored | Snore frequency 3-7 nights per week | cOSA | Sleep <6 hours | pOSA | Clinical sleepiness | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (%) | P valuea | Yes (%) | P value | Yes (%) | P value | Yes (%) | P value | Yes (%) | P value | Yes (%) | P value | |
| BMI (N = 1603) | <.001 | <.001 | .002 | .016 | .001 | .755 | ||||||
| ≤25 | 32.0 (176/550) | 13.2 (22/167) | 0.7 (4/548) | 2.7 (15/549) | 0.0 (0/92) | 9.5 (52/550) | ||||||
| 25-35 | 55.7 (330/593) | 23.4 (71/304) | 2.5 (15/591) | 4.0 (24/594) | 2.9 (4/137) | 10.8 (64/593) | ||||||
| >35 | 75.6 (344/455) | 43.2 (134/310) | 4.2 (19/453) | 6.4 (29/454) | 10.6 (17/161) | 10.1 (46/455) | ||||||
| FG score (N = 1597) | <.001 | .001 | .058 | .013 | .093 | .047 | ||||||
| <8 | 42.3 (229/541) | 25.2 (55/218) | 1.3 (7/539) | 2.4 (13/541) | 4.8 (5/104) | 8.0 (43/541) | ||||||
| 8-15 | 53.6 (309/577) | 24.2 (67/277) | 2.4 (14/575) | 4.3 (25/576) | 3.5 (5/145) | 10.2 (59/577) | ||||||
| ≥16 | 65.0 (308/474) | 36.9 (104/282) | 3.6 (17/472) | 6.1 (29/474) | 7.9 (11/139) | 12.7 (60/474) | ||||||
| HOMA index (N = 1577) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .138 | .784 | ||||||
| <4 | 47.1 (563/1196) | 22.7 (120/528) | 1.5 (18/1192) | 3.3 (40/1197) | 3.7 (9/242) | 10.4 (124/1197) | ||||||
| ≥4 | 71.8 (270/376) | 43.0 (102/237) | 5.4 (20/374) | 7.5 (28/374) | 8.5 (12/142) | 9.9 (37/375) | ||||||
| Glucose (N = 1578) | <.001 | .950 | .202 | .961 | .875 | .198 | ||||||
| ≤100 | 51.4 (748/1455) | 29.0 (200/690) | 2.3 (33/1449) | 4.3 (63/1454) | 5.4 (19/352) | 10.5 (153/1455) | ||||||
| >100 | 72.0 (85/118) | 29.3 (22/75) | 4.2 (5/118) | 4.2 (5/118) | 6.3 (2/32) | 6.8 (8/118) | ||||||
| Insulin (N = 1577) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .005 | .067 | .763 | ||||||
| ≤10 | 42.0 (380/905) | 17.9 (65/364) | 1.1 (10/903) | 3.1 (28/907) | 2.5 (4/163) | 10.0 (91/906) | ||||||
| >10 | 67.9 (453/667) | 39.2 (157/401) | 4.2 (28/663) | 6.0 (40/664) | 7.7 (17/221) | 10.5 (70/666) | ||||||
| Testosterone (N = 1576) | <.001 | .003 | .100 | .424 | .015 | .093 | ||||||
| ≤50 | 49.8 (583/1171) | 25.8 (138/535) | 2.1 (24/1168) | 4.1 (48/1173) | 4.0 (10/250) | 11.0 (129/1173) | ||||||
| >50 | 62.0 (248/400) | 36.4 (83/228) | 3.5 (14/397) | 5.0 (20/397) | 8.2 (11/134) | 8.0 (32/398) | ||||||
| SHBG (N = 1574) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .004 | .350 | .790 | ||||||
| ≤30 | 69.6 (368/529) | 39.2 (127/324) | 4.6 (24/525) | 6.4 (34/528) | 7.3 (12/164) | 10.6 (56/531) | ||||||
| >30 | 44.6 (464/1040) | 21.6 (95/440) | 1.4 (14/1038) | 3.3 (34/1040) | 4.1 (9/220) | 10.1 (105/1038) | ||||||
| Free androgen index (N = 1571) | 5.7 (2.4)b | <.001 | 7.2 (2.2)b | <.001 | 7.2 (2.6)b | .003 | 5.9 (1.3)b | .044 | 8.5 (2.7)b | .052 | 4.7 (0.1)b | .880 |
| LH/FSH ratio (N = 1574) | 1.4 (–0.2) | .464 | 1.7 (0.2) | .694 | 1.3 –0.2) | .368 | 1.3 (–0.2) | .175 | 1.4 (–0.1) | .797 | 1.3 (–0.2) | .265 |
| Androstenedione (ng/mL) (N = 1569) | 3.4 (0.3) | .002 | 3.6 (0.3) | .019 | 3.9 (0.6) | .028 | 3.6 (0.3) | .096 | 4.2 (0.6) | .175 | 3.1 (–0.2) | .225 |
| Smoking (N = 1603) | .023 | .002 | .464 | .946 | .660 | .206 | ||||||
| Not at all | 50.6 (500/989) | 25.6 (117/457) | 2.6 (26/987) | 4.1 (41/991) | 4.9 (11/223) | 10.5 (104/991) | ||||||
| Currently | 64.6 (113/175) | 43.4 (43/99) | 2.9 (5/173) | 4.6 (8/173) | 8.1 (5/62) | 6.3 (11/174) | ||||||
| Quit | 54.6 (237/434) | 29.8 (67/225) | 1.6 (7/432) | 4.4 (19/433) | 4.8 (5/105) | 10.9 (47/433) | ||||||
| Consume alcohol (N = 1603) | .056 | .584 | .771 | .456 | .758 | .337 | ||||||
| Not at all | 45.0 (86/191) | 24.6 (17/69) | 2.1 (4/190) | 3.7 (7/191) | 6.0 (3/50) | 9.4 (18/191) | ||||||
| Currently | 54.9 (603/1098) | 30.0 (169/563) | 2.3 (25/1096) | 4.0 (44/1099) | 5.1 (13/257) | 10.9 (119/1097) | ||||||
| Quit | 52.1 (161/309) | 27.5 (41/149) | 2.9 (9/306) | 5.5 (17/307) | 6.0 (5/83) | 8.1 (25/310) | ||||||
| Ethnic group (N = 1603) | .043 | .907 | .932 | .808 | .617 | .083 | ||||||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 52.0 (718/1380) | 29.0 (191/659) | 2.4 (33/1375) | 4.2 (58/1378) | 5.8 (20/347) | 10.7 (147/1379) | ||||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 60.6 (132/218) | 29.5 (36/122) | 2.3 (5/217) | 4.6 (10/219) | 2.3 (1/43) | 6.9 (15/219) | ||||||
| History of heart disease (N = 1603) | .257 | 1.000 | 1.000 | .443 | .276 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Yes | 40.0 (18/45) | 26.7 (4/15) | 2.2 (1/45) | 6.5 (3/46) | 0.0 (0/9) | 8.7 (4/46) | ||||||
| No | 53.6 (832/1553) | 29.1 (223/766) | 2.4 (37/1547) | 4.2 (65/1551) | 5.5 (21/381) | 10.2 (158/1552) | ||||||
| Hypertension (N = 1603) | .003 | .200 | .800 | .665 | .922 | .483 | ||||||
| Yes | 62.3 (119/191) | 34.3 (37/108) | 2.6 (5/191) | 3.7 (7/191) | 6.0 (3/50) | 11.6 (22/190) | ||||||
| No | 52.0 (731/1407) | 28.2 (190/673) | 2.4 (33/1401) | 4.3 (61/1406) | 5.3 (18/340) | 9.9 (140/1408) | ||||||
| Waist circumference (N = 1600) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .018 | .012 | .395 | ||||||
| ≤88 | 36.3 (250/688) | 13.2 (31/235) | 0.9 (6/687) | 2.9 (20/691) | 7.1 (19/268) | 10.7 (97/905) | ||||||
| >88 | 65.9 (598/907) | 35.7 (194/544) | 3.6 (32/902) | 5.3 (48/903) | 1.7 (2/120) | 9.4 (65/690) | ||||||
| Waist/Hip ratio (N = 1548) | 0.88 (0.05) | <.001 | 0.91 (0.03) | <.001 | 0.91 (0.05) | .008 | 0.89 (0.03) | .055 | 0.89 (0.00) | .965 | 0.87 (0.00) | .596 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) (N = 1598) | 115.0 (24.3) | <.001 | 128.6 (21.0) | <.001 | 117.5 (13.2) | .142 | 113.0 (8.8) | .198 | 149.4 (36.2) | .097 | 95.7 (–10.0) | .029 |
| Metabolic syndrome (N = 1545) | <.001 | <.001 | .015 | .442 | .049 | .480 | ||||||
| Yes | 70.7 (251/355) | 41.1 (90/219) | 4.2 (15/354) | 5.1 (18/354) | 10.2 (12/118) | 9.3 (33/354) | ||||||
| No | 48.1 (570/1185) | 23.8 (127/534) | 2.0 (23/1180) | 4.1 (49/1148) | 3.5 (9/256) | 10.6 (126/1186) | ||||||
| PHQ-9 depression score (N = 1603) | <.001 | .120 | <.001 | <.001 | .252 | <.001 | ||||||
| <10 | 52.4 (786/1500) | 28.3 (206/727) | 1.9 (29/1495) | 3.7 (56/1499) | 4.7 (16/344) | 9.3 (140/1499) | ||||||
| ≥10 | 68.1 (64/94) | 38.9 (21/54) | 9.7 (9/93) | 12.8 (12/94) | 11.1 (5/45) | 23.2 (22/95) | ||||||
| hsCRP (mg/L) (N = 1575) | 5.8 (2.7) | <.001 | 7.7 (2.7) | <.001 | 6.5 (1.8) | .071 | 5.8 (1.1) | .145 | 9.1 (3.1) | .040 | 5.3 (0.6) | .258 |
Data are presented as % (no./total no.).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; cOSA, clinical symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea; FG, Ferriman–Gallwey; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; HOMA, Homeostatic Model Assessment; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LH, luteinizing hormone; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; SHBG, sex hormone–binding globulin; UI, unexplained infertility.
aChi-squared or Fisher’s exact test was used.
bMean value for those who had ever snored, had a snore frequency 3-7 nights per week, had a cOSA, had a sleep <6 hours, has a pOSA, and had a clinical sleepiness; the value in the parentheses is the difference in the values between those who had ever snored, had a snore frequency 3-7 nights per week, had a cOSA, had a sleep <6 hours, has a pOSA, and had a clinical sleepiness and those who did not.