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. 2021 Jun 28;106(11):e4414–e4426. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab474

Table 3.

Association between sleep habit profiles and related measures for both PCOS and UI subjects

Variable Ever snored Snore frequency 3-7 nights per week cOSA Sleep <6 hours pOSA Clinical sleepiness
Yes (%) P valuea Yes (%) P value Yes (%) P value Yes (%) P value Yes (%) P value Yes (%) P value
BMI (N = 1603) <.001 <.001 .002 .016 .001 .755
 ≤25 32.0 (176/550) 13.2 (22/167) 0.7 (4/548) 2.7 (15/549) 0.0 (0/92) 9.5 (52/550)
 25-35 55.7 (330/593) 23.4 (71/304) 2.5 (15/591) 4.0 (24/594) 2.9 (4/137) 10.8 (64/593)
 >35 75.6 (344/455) 43.2 (134/310) 4.2 (19/453) 6.4 (29/454) 10.6 (17/161) 10.1 (46/455)
FG score (N = 1597) <.001 .001 .058 .013 .093 .047
 <8 42.3 (229/541) 25.2 (55/218) 1.3 (7/539) 2.4 (13/541) 4.8 (5/104) 8.0 (43/541)
 8-15 53.6 (309/577) 24.2 (67/277) 2.4 (14/575) 4.3 (25/576) 3.5 (5/145) 10.2 (59/577)
 ≥16 65.0 (308/474) 36.9 (104/282) 3.6 (17/472) 6.1 (29/474) 7.9 (11/139) 12.7 (60/474)
HOMA index (N = 1577) <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 .138 .784
 <4 47.1 (563/1196) 22.7 (120/528) 1.5 (18/1192) 3.3 (40/1197) 3.7 (9/242) 10.4 (124/1197)
 ≥4 71.8 (270/376) 43.0 (102/237) 5.4 (20/374) 7.5 (28/374) 8.5 (12/142) 9.9 (37/375)
Glucose (N = 1578) <.001 .950 .202 .961 .875 .198
 ≤100 51.4 (748/1455) 29.0 (200/690) 2.3 (33/1449) 4.3 (63/1454) 5.4 (19/352) 10.5 (153/1455)
 >100 72.0 (85/118) 29.3 (22/75) 4.2 (5/118) 4.2 (5/118) 6.3 (2/32) 6.8 (8/118)
Insulin (N = 1577) <.001 <.001 <.001 .005 .067 .763
 ≤10 42.0 (380/905) 17.9 (65/364) 1.1 (10/903) 3.1 (28/907) 2.5 (4/163) 10.0 (91/906)
 >10 67.9 (453/667) 39.2 (157/401) 4.2 (28/663) 6.0 (40/664) 7.7 (17/221) 10.5 (70/666)
Testosterone (N = 1576) <.001 .003 .100 .424 .015 .093
 ≤50 49.8 (583/1171) 25.8 (138/535) 2.1 (24/1168) 4.1 (48/1173) 4.0 (10/250) 11.0 (129/1173)
 >50 62.0 (248/400) 36.4 (83/228) 3.5 (14/397) 5.0 (20/397) 8.2 (11/134) 8.0 (32/398)
SHBG (N = 1574) <.001 <.001 <.001 .004 .350 .790
 ≤30 69.6 (368/529) 39.2 (127/324) 4.6 (24/525) 6.4 (34/528) 7.3 (12/164) 10.6 (56/531)
 >30 44.6 (464/1040) 21.6 (95/440) 1.4 (14/1038) 3.3 (34/1040) 4.1 (9/220) 10.1 (105/1038)
Free androgen index (N = 1571) 5.7 (2.4)b <.001 7.2 (2.2)b <.001 7.2 (2.6)b .003 5.9 (1.3)b .044 8.5 (2.7)b .052 4.7 (0.1)b .880
LH/FSH ratio (N = 1574) 1.4 (–0.2) .464 1.7 (0.2) .694 1.3 –0.2) .368 1.3 (–0.2) .175 1.4 (–0.1) .797 1.3 (–0.2) .265
Androstenedione (ng/mL) (N = 1569) 3.4 (0.3) .002 3.6 (0.3) .019 3.9 (0.6) .028 3.6 (0.3) .096 4.2 (0.6) .175 3.1 (–0.2) .225
Smoking (N = 1603) .023 .002 .464 .946 .660 .206
 Not at all 50.6 (500/989) 25.6 (117/457) 2.6 (26/987) 4.1 (41/991) 4.9 (11/223) 10.5 (104/991)
 Currently 64.6 (113/175) 43.4 (43/99) 2.9 (5/173) 4.6 (8/173) 8.1 (5/62) 6.3 (11/174)
 Quit 54.6 (237/434) 29.8 (67/225) 1.6 (7/432) 4.4 (19/433) 4.8 (5/105) 10.9 (47/433)
Consume alcohol (N = 1603) .056 .584 .771 .456 .758 .337
 Not at all 45.0 (86/191) 24.6 (17/69) 2.1 (4/190) 3.7 (7/191) 6.0 (3/50) 9.4 (18/191)
 Currently 54.9 (603/1098) 30.0 (169/563) 2.3 (25/1096) 4.0 (44/1099) 5.1 (13/257) 10.9 (119/1097)
 Quit 52.1 (161/309) 27.5 (41/149) 2.9 (9/306) 5.5 (17/307) 6.0 (5/83) 8.1 (25/310)
Ethnic group (N = 1603) .043 .907 .932 .808 .617 .083
 Not Hispanic or Latino 52.0 (718/1380) 29.0 (191/659) 2.4 (33/1375) 4.2 (58/1378) 5.8 (20/347) 10.7 (147/1379)
 Hispanic or Latino 60.6 (132/218) 29.5 (36/122) 2.3 (5/217) 4.6 (10/219) 2.3 (1/43) 6.9 (15/219)
History of heart disease (N = 1603) .257 1.000 1.000 .443 .276 1.000
 Yes 40.0 (18/45) 26.7 (4/15) 2.2 (1/45) 6.5 (3/46) 0.0 (0/9) 8.7 (4/46)
 No 53.6 (832/1553) 29.1 (223/766) 2.4 (37/1547) 4.2 (65/1551) 5.5 (21/381) 10.2 (158/1552)
Hypertension (N = 1603) .003 .200 .800 .665 .922 .483
 Yes 62.3 (119/191) 34.3 (37/108) 2.6 (5/191) 3.7 (7/191) 6.0 (3/50) 11.6 (22/190)
 No 52.0 (731/1407) 28.2 (190/673) 2.4 (33/1401) 4.3 (61/1406) 5.3 (18/340) 9.9 (140/1408)
Waist circumference (N = 1600) <.001 <.001 <.001 .018 .012 .395
 ≤88 36.3 (250/688) 13.2 (31/235) 0.9 (6/687) 2.9 (20/691) 7.1 (19/268) 10.7 (97/905)
 >88 65.9 (598/907) 35.7 (194/544) 3.6 (32/902) 5.3 (48/903) 1.7 (2/120) 9.4 (65/690)
Waist/Hip ratio (N = 1548) 0.88 (0.05) <.001 0.91 (0.03) <.001 0.91 (0.05) .008 0.89 (0.03) .055 0.89 (0.00) .965 0.87 (0.00) .596
Triglycerides (mg/dL) (N = 1598) 115.0 (24.3) <.001 128.6 (21.0) <.001 117.5 (13.2) .142 113.0 (8.8) .198 149.4 (36.2) .097 95.7 (–10.0) .029
Metabolic syndrome (N = 1545) <.001 <.001 .015 .442 .049 .480
 Yes 70.7 (251/355) 41.1 (90/219) 4.2 (15/354) 5.1 (18/354) 10.2 (12/118) 9.3 (33/354)
 No 48.1 (570/1185) 23.8 (127/534) 2.0 (23/1180) 4.1 (49/1148) 3.5 (9/256) 10.6 (126/1186)
PHQ-9 depression score (N = 1603) <.001 .120 <.001 <.001 .252 <.001
 <10 52.4 (786/1500) 28.3 (206/727) 1.9 (29/1495) 3.7 (56/1499) 4.7 (16/344) 9.3 (140/1499)
 ≥10 68.1 (64/94) 38.9 (21/54) 9.7 (9/93) 12.8 (12/94) 11.1 (5/45) 23.2 (22/95)
hsCRP (mg/L) (N = 1575) 5.8 (2.7) <.001 7.7 (2.7) <.001 6.5 (1.8) .071 5.8 (1.1) .145 9.1 (3.1) .040 5.3 (0.6) .258

Data are presented as % (no./total no.).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; cOSA, clinical symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea; FG, Ferriman–Gallwey; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; HOMA, Homeostatic Model Assessment; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LH, luteinizing hormone; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; SHBG, sex hormone–binding globulin; UI, unexplained infertility.

aChi-squared or Fisher’s exact test was used.

bMean value for those who had ever snored, had a snore frequency 3-7 nights per week, had a cOSA, had a sleep <6 hours, has a pOSA, and had a clinical sleepiness; the value in the parentheses is the difference in the values between those who had ever snored, had a snore frequency 3-7 nights per week, had a cOSA, had a sleep <6 hours, has a pOSA, and had a clinical sleepiness and those who did not.