Table 1.
Patient and visit characteristics for all outpatient cardiology visits involving patients with a diagnosis of heart failure during either the pre-Covid (4/1/2019–12/31/2019) or Covid-Era (4/1/2020–12/31/2020)
| Pre-Covid Visits | Covid-Era Visits | Comparison p-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All/In-Person | All | In-Person | Video | Telephone | Covid-Era vs. Pre-Covid | Video vs. In-Person* | Telephone vs. In-Person* | |
| N (%) | 10591 | 11106 | 7775 (70.0) | 1009 (9.1) | 2322 (20.9) | |||
| Age (mean (SD)) | 73.25 (14.85) | 73.16 (14.36) | 74.17 (14.13) | 64.71 (14.47) | 73.42 (13.90) | 0.639 | <0.001 | 0.619 |
| Male (%) | 6398 (60.4) | 6799 (61.2) | 4773 (61.4) | 689 (68.3) | 1337 (57.6) | 0.227 | <0.001 | 0.013 |
| Race (%) | 0.045 | 0.009 | <0.001 | |||||
| American Indian | 10 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | |||
| Asian | 728 (6.9) | 786 (7.1) | 557 (7.2) | 93 (9.2) | 136 (5.9) | |||
| Black | 1364 (12.9) | 1546 (13.9) | 1072 (13.8) | 122 (12.1) | 352 (15.2) | |||
| Hispanic | 837 (7.9) | 834 (7.5) | 530 (6.8) | 79 (7.8) | 225 (9.7) | |||
| White | 7082 (66.9) | 7307 (65.8) | 5196 (66.8) | 648 (64.2) | 1463 (63.0) | |||
| Other | 474 (4.5) | 506 (4.6) | 346 (4.5) | 51 (5.1) | 109 (4.7) | |||
| Pacific Islander | 12 (0.1) | 29 (0.3) | 18 (0.2) | 5 (0.5) | 6 (0.3) | |||
| Unknown | 84 (0.8) | 92 (0.8) | 52 (0.7) | 10 (1.0) | 30 (1.3) | |||
| Insurance (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Medicaid | 243 (2.3) | 257 (2.3) | 121 (1.6) | 46 (4.6) | 90 (3.9) | |||
| Medicare | 6670 (63.0) | 6653 (59.9) | 4728 (60.8) | 467 (46.3) | 1458 (62.8) | |||
| Other | 115 (1.1) | 132 (1.2) | 95 (1.2) | 15 (1.5) | 22 (0.9) | |||
| Private | 3389 (32.0) | 3370 (30.3) | 2247 (28.9) | 463 (45.9) | 660 (28.4) | |||
| Unknown | 174 (1.6) | 694 (6.2) | 584 (7.5) | 18 (1.8) | 92 (4.0) | |||
| Encounter Diagnoses (%) | ||||||||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 4507 (42.6) | 4921 (44.3) | 3479 (44.7) | 421 (41.7) | 1021 (44.0) | 0.01 | 0.634 | 0.22 |
| Hypertension | 5208 (49.2) | 5693 (51.3) | 4046 (52.0) | 419 (41.5) | 1228 (52.9) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter | 4170 (39.4) | 4436 (39.9) | 3108 (40.0) | 383 (38.0) | 945 (40.7) | 0.399 | 0.398 | 0.247 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1493 (14.1) | 1772 (16.0) | 1315 (16.9) | 133 (13.2) | 324 (14.0) | <0.001 | 0.451 | 0.883 |
| Valvular Disease | 3317 (31.3) | 3428 (30.9) | 2475 (31.8) | 264 (26.2) | 689 (29.7) | 0.48 | 0.001 | 0.126 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1644 (15.5) | 2144 (19.3) | 1469 (18.9) | 145 (14.4) | 530 (22.8) | <0.001 | 0.356 | <0.001 |
| HF Characteristics | ||||||||
| HFrEF (%) | 6144 (58.0) | 6573 (59.2) | 4377 (56.3) | 732 (72.5) | 1464 (63.0) | 0.082 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LVEF ≤ 35% (%) | 4778 (45.1) | 5182 (46.7) | 3414 (43.9) | 628 (62.2) | 1140 (49.1) | 0.023 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| LVEF (mean (SD)) | 48.67 (18.12) | 48.23 (18.01) | 49.05 (17.73) | 43.51 (18.92) | 47.52 (18.22) | 0.086 | <0.001 | 0.009 |
| LVIDd (mean (SD)) | 4.87 (1.07) | 4.94 (1.06) | 4.88 (1.05) | 5.27 (1.10) | 4.97 (1.06) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| RV ≥ mod depressed (%) | 1132 (10.7) | 1291 (11.6) | 821 (10.6) | 175 (17.3) | 295 (12.7) | 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.006 |
| RVIDd (mean (SD)) | 3.86 (0.82) | 3.82 (0.82) | 3.80 (0.80) | 3.91 (0.90) | 3.83 (0.83) | 0.002 | 0.141 | 0.18 |
| # Prior HF admissions (mean (SD)) | 1.01 (2.87) | 0.97 (3.06) | 0.94 (3.32) | 0.93 (1.77) | 1.08 (2.49) | 0.311 | 0.465 | 0.304 |
| # Visits/Patient for This Visit Type (mean (SD)) | 2.57 (2.42) | 2.78 (2.98) | 2.37 (2.80) | 1.56 (1.16) | 1.69 (1.43) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| # Visits/Patient for All Visit Types (mean (SD)) | 2.57 (2.42) | 2.78 (2.98) | 3.05 (3.18) | 3.61 (2.97) | 3.48 (3.06) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Visit Length (min) (mean (SD)) | 31.14 (17.71) | 26.90 (15.34) | 28.25 (16.48) | 27.36 (9.70) | 22.18 (12.12) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
*
In-Person refers to Covid-Era in-person visits