Table 1.
Demographic, imaging, and clinical profile of the sample used in the analyses (N = 166).
| Bipolar (N = 75) | ADHD (N = 20) | Borderline (N = 21) | Controls (N = 65) | F/chi² | p val | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 37.22 (11.61) | 24.00 (3.45) | 27.05 (4.67) | 35.06 (12.01) | 10.82 | 1.61E−06 |
| Sex (F/M) | 30/33 | 7/13 | 19/0 | 37/27 | 20.39 | 1.41E−04 |
| Education, mean (SD)a | 13.22 (2.70) | 16.00 (2.81) | 14.84 (3.18) | 12.67 (2.86) | 8.34 | 3.97E−05 |
| Imaging | ||||||
| Scanner (1/2/3/4) | 16/21/10/16 | 20/0/0/0 | 19/0/0/0 | 16/48/0/0 | 68.21 | 1.03E−14 |
| Framewise displacement, mean (SD) | 0.17 (0.09) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.07) | 7.59 | 8.83E−05 |
| Clinical | ||||||
| ALS, mean (SD) | 1.04 (0.64) | 1.12 (0.48) | 1.80 (0.46) | 0.42 (0.40) | 39.44 | 3.44E−19 |
| MADRS, mean (SD) | 4.84 (4.51) | 3.55 (3.44) | 7.68 (3.45) | 1.23 (2.17) | 20.90 | 1.69E−11 |
| YMRS, mean (SD) | 1.68 (1.87) | 0.00 (0.00) | 1.47 (1.39) | 0.66 (1.39) | 8.77 | 2.00E−05 |
| Disease severity | ||||||
| Disease duration, mean (SD)b | 14.59 (9.34) | 6.80 (5.31) | 9.23 (5.39) | – | – | – |
| # Hospitalizations, mean (SD)c | 3.95 (3.24) | 0.05 (0.22) | 1.94 (2.54) | – | – | – |
| Medication (by target)d | ||||||
| Dopaminergic, No. (%) | 44 (70%) | 15 (75%) | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | – | – |
| Serotonergic, No. (%) | 46 (73%) | 1 (5%) | 2 (11%) | 0 (0%) | – | – |
| Glutamatergic, No. (%) | 42 (67%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | – |
| GABAergic, No. (%) | 36 (57%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | – |
| Norepinephrinergic, No. (%) | 30 (48%) | 15 (75%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | – |
| Lithium, No. (%) | 38 (60%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | – |
| No medication, No. (%) | 30 (48%) | 5 (25%) | 17 (89%) | 46 (72%) | – | – |
| Medication load, mean (SD) | 2.14 (1.51) | 0.85 (0.59) | 0.16 (0.50) | 0.31 (0.53) | – | – |
Groups were compared with either ANOVAs (for continuous measures) or chi-squared tests (for categorical measures). All p-values that survived false discovery rate (FDR) correction (q < 0.05) are indicated in bold. Disease severity and medication use are only shown for informative purposes, but were not compared between groups.
aBased on 138 participants.
bBased on 82 patients.
cBased on 55 patients.
dMedication was sorted by the neurotransmitter system(s) affected by the medication used by participants, based on the Neuroscience-based Nomenclature (NbN-2 [91, 92], http://nbn2r.com/). The list of medications and their categorization can be found in Table S5. Note that percentages may add up to more than 100% because some individuals take more than one medication.