Table 3.
aPR for mental health indicators by mode of school instruction—COVID Experiences Survey,a United States, October 16 to November 6, 2020
| Model 1: adjusted for demographicsb |
Model 2: adjusted for demographicsb + school connectednessc |
Model 3: adjusted for demographicsb + family connectednessd |
Model 4: fully adjustede |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aPRf (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | |
| High or very high stress,g past 14 days | ||||
| Virtualh versus in-personi | 1.78 (1.26–2.53) | 1.26 (.93–1.71) | 1.58 (1.16–2.13) | 1.30 (.98–1.73) |
| Virtual versus combinedj | 1.03 (.77–1.39) | .88 (.69–1.11) | 1.06 (.83–1.37) | .95 (.74–1.21) |
| Combined versus in-person | 1.72 (1.14–2.60) | 1.44 (1.04–1.98) | 1.48 (1.04–2.11) | 1.37 (.99–1.90) |
| ≥7 days mental health not good, past 14 days | ||||
| Virtual versus in-person | 4.13 (1.61–10.55) | 2.92 (1.15–7.37) | 2.98 (1.21–7.34) | 2.72 (1.08–6.86) |
| Virtual versus combined | 2.10 (1.10–3.99) | 1.69 (.90–3.19) | 1.87 (.93–3.74) | 1.69 (.81–3.52) |
| Combined versus in-person | 1.97 (.64–6.06) | 1.72 (.58–5.10) | 1.60 (.48–5.36) | 1.61 (.48–5.39) |
| Seriously consider attempting suicide, past 12 months | ||||
| Virtual versus in-person | 3.52 (1.41–8.79) | 2.72 (1.15–6.42) | 2.45 (1.19–5.05) | 2.45 (1.22–4.90) |
| Virtual versus combined | 1.40 (.57–3.42) | 1.20 (.49–2.94) | 1.25 (.50–3.10) | 1.26 (.51–3.11) |
| Combined versus in-person | 2.52 (.81–7.83) | 2.27 (.73–7.02) | 1.97 (.69–5.58) | 1.95 (.69–5.52) |
| Persistent symptoms of depression | ||||
| Virtual versus in-person | 2.58 (1.13–5.88) | 1.69 (.86–3.30) | 1.89 (.90–3.98) | 1.58 (.82–3.02) |
| Virtual versus combined | 1.39 (.89–2.17) | 1.25 (.84–1.87) | 1.29 (.76–2.19) | 1.25 (.75–2.06) |
| Combinedi versus in-person | 1.85 (.74–4.62) | 1.35 (.64–2.85) | 1.47 (.59–3.65) | 1.26 (.57–2.81) |
aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval; NORC, National Opinion Research Center; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item.
k Combined indicates a combination of in-person and virtual instruction in the 14 days prior to the survey.
See technical overview of the AmeriSpeak Panel: NORC’s Probability-Based Household Panel retrieved from https://amerispeak.norc.org/Documents/Research/AmeriSpeak%20Technical%20Overview%202019%2002%2018.pdf.
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and poverty level based on 2020 poverty guidelines, as described in Table 1.
Adjusted for a continuous variable measuring a scale of school connectedness (range: 6–30, mean: 19.6).
Adjusted for a continuous variable measuring a scale of family connectedness (range: 6–20, mean: 15.4).
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty, school connectedness, and family connectedness.
Each aPR is the ratio of the proportion of adolescents with a mental health indicator attending school with one mode of instruction relative to the other, adjusted for other characteristics in a logistic regression model. Bold font indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05.
Experiencing high or very high stress in at least one area of life: at school, home, or work, or with friends.
Virtual indicates 100% virtual school instruction in the 14 days prior to the survey.
In-person indicates 100% in- person school instruction during the 14 days prior to the survey.
Combined indicates a combination of in-person and virtual instruction in the 14 days prior to the survey.