Table 1.
Sample characteristics and associations with higher and lower self-reported energy in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study (N = 2529)
| Characteristic | Total sample | Higher energy | Lower energy | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2529 Mean ± SD or N (%) | N = 1462 Mean ± SD or N (%) | N = 1067 Mean ± SD or N (%) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age in years | 75.6 ± 2.8 | 75.4 ± 2.8 | 75.9 ± 2.9 | 0.0002 |
| Men | 1,223 (48.4) | 744 (50.9) | 479 (44.9) | 0.003 |
| White | 1,555 (61.5) | 878 (60.1) | 677 (63.5) | 0.08 |
| Post-secondary education | 1,121 (44.5) | 655 (44.9) | 466 (43.8) | 0.6 |
| Depressive symptoms and fatigue | ||||
| CESD-10a score | 7.6 ± 3.1 | 7.0 ± 2.6 | 8.3 ± 3.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Modified CESD-10 score* | 6.8 ± 2.5 | 6.5 ± 2.2 | 7.1 ± 2.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Any unusual tiredness | 621 (24.6) | 199 (13.6) | 422 (40.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Physical function | ||||
| Usual gait speed, m/sec | 1.15 ± 0.22 | 1.18 ± 0.21 | 1.10 ± 0.22 | < 0.0001 |
| Rapid gait speed, m/sec | 1.52 ± 0.34 | 1.56 ± 0.33 | 1.46 ± 0.34 | < 0.0001 |
| Physical fitness | ||||
| Time to walk 400 m, m/secb | 328.6 ± 60.4 | 321 ± 59.4 | 339.6 ± 60.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Walking for exercise (past 12 months, ≥ 10 times) | 1,655 (65.4) | 998 (68.5) | 654 (61.4) | < 0.0001 |
| High-intensity exercise (past 12 months, ≥ 10 times) | 671 (26.6) | 426 (29.2) | 244 (22.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Time spent walking weekly, minutes | 102.8 ± 175 | 113.6 ± 183 | 88.1 ± 163 | 0.0003 |
| Cognitive function | ||||
| Teng 3MSc | 89.9 ± 8.8 | 90.0 ± 8.5 | 90.0 ± 8.9 | 0.9 |
| Digit symbol substitution score | 36.6 ± 14.3 | 36.61 ± 14.9 | 36.61 ± 13.6 | 0.9 |
| Pre-existing health conditions | ||||
| Diabetes, prevalent | 443 (17.5) | 232 (15.9) | 211 (19.8) | 0.01 |
| Cancer, ever | 541 (21.5) | 291 (20.0) | 250 (23.5) | 0.034 |
| Cardiovascular conditions, prevalentd | 1560 (61.7) | 856 (58.6) | 704 (66.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease, prevalent | 120 (4.9) | 49 (3.4) | 71 (6.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Arthritis, prevalent | 969 (38.3) | 498 (34.1) | 471 (44.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Anthropometric measures | ||||
| Peak torque (mean ± SD) | 78.0 ± 29.1 | 80.3 ± 28.9 | 74.3 ± 28.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 27.2 ± 4.8 | 27.1 ± 4.7 | 27.3 ± 4.8 | 0.4 |
Distributions of participant characteristics by energy group. T tests were used for continuous variables, and Chi-square tests for categorical variables
aCenter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale 10 * Without two questions: “I felt that everything I did was an effort,” and “I could not get going”
bTime to walk 400 m was only recorded for 1,715 participants who completed the walk successfully
cTeng Mini-Mental State Exam
dCardiovascular disease was a composite variable including: coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension