Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics over the study period, 2008 to 2018
| Year | 2008(n = 148) | 2010(n = 267) | 2012(n = 310) | 2014(n = 584) | 2016(n = 753) | 2018(n = 373) | Modeled linear regression P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 63 ± 13 | 62 ± 13 | 62 ± 13 | 63 ± 13 | 62 ± 14 | 62 ± 13 | 0.60 |
| Female | 41 (32) | 73 (27) | 102 (33) | 180 (31) | 218 (29) | 108 (29) | 0.46 |
| Hypertension | 80 (63) | 188 (70) | 222 (72) | 422 (72) | 506 (67) | 254 (68) | 0.86 |
| Connective tissue disorder | 0.23 | ||||||
| None | 117 (94) | 235 (89) | 279 (91) | 539 (93) | 723 (96) | 350 (94) | |
| Confirmed | 8 (6.4) | 28 (11) | 27 (8.8) | 42 (7.2) | 28 (3.7) | 22 (5.9) | |
| Suspected | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.65) | 1 (0.17) | 1 (0.13) | 0 (0) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 12 (9.4) | 35 (13) | 38 (12) | 63 (11) | 95 (13) | 45 (12) | 0.67 |
| Dyslipidemia | 45 (36) | 136 (52) | 149 (49) | 270 (46) | 324 (43) | 134 (36) | 0.29 |
| Renal failure | 16 (13) | 28 (10) | 28 (9) | 54 (9.2) | 44 (5.8) | 20 (5.4) | < 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 18 (12) | 23 (8.6) | 34 (11) | 61 (10) | 67 (8.9) | 41 (11) | 0.48 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 20 (14) | 53 (20) | 56 (18) | 84 (14) | 79 (10) | 32 (8.6) | 0.77 |
| Smoker | 63 (43) | 140 (52) | 140 (45) | 253 (43) | 304 (40) | 139 (37) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 25 (20) | 45 (17) | 40 (13) | 77 (13) | 70 (9.3) | 43 (12) | < 0.001 |
| Previous cardiac surgery | 20 (16) | 47 (18) | 47 (15) | 112 (19) | 117 (16) | 51 (14) | 0.61 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 20 (16) | 31 (12) | 44 (14) | 74 (13) | 89 (12) | 35 (9.4) | 0.26 |
| Coronary artery disease | 19 (15) | 59 (22) | 64 (21) | 144 (25) | 143 (19) | 63 (17) | 0.37 |
| LVEF, % | 0.48 | ||||||
| > 60 | 97 (76) | 197 (74) | 257 (83) | 469 (80) | 571 (76) | 293 (79) | |
| 40–60 | 23 (18) | 54 (20) | 30 (10) | 81 (14) | 125 (17) | 58 (16) | |
| 20–40 | 6 (4.7) | 14 (5.2) | 19 (6.1) | 22 (3.8) | 49 (6.5) | 16 (4.3) | |
| < 20 | 2 (1.6) | 2 (0.75) | 4 (1.3) | 12 (2.1) | 8 (1.1) | 6 (1.6) | |
| Anatomy | |||||||
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum aortic diameter, mm | 58 ± 13 | 55 ± 11 | 54 ± 12 | 53 ± 10 | 52 ± 12 | 53 ± 11 | < 0.01 |
| Maximum indexed aortic diameter, mm/m2 |
31 ± 8 | 29 ± 7 | 28 ± 7 | 28 ± 12 | 27 ± 7 | 27 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
| Aortic valve anatomy | 0.42 | ||||||
| Tricuspid valve | 97 (76) | 196 (74) | 208 (68) | 386 (68) | 520 (73) | 268 (72) | |
| Bicuspid valve | 31 (24) | 68 (26) | 95 (31) | 174 (31) | 193 (27) | 97 (26) | |
| Unicuspid valve | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.66) | 5 (0.88) | 3 (0.42) | 5 (1.4) | |
| Aortic stenosis | 24 (19) | 59 (22) | 80 (26) | 160 (27) | 218 (29) | 125 (34) | < 0.001 |
| Aortic insufficiency | 62 (48) | 144 (54) | 166 (54) | 312 (53) | 359 (48) | 198 (53) | 0.02 |
| Presentation | |||||||
| Acute dissection or rupture | 38 (30) | 69 (26) | 65 (21) | 135 (23) | 181 (24) | 81 (22) | 0.03 |
| Dissection | 51 (40) | 110 (41) | 108 (35) | 198 (34) | 243 (32) | 112 (30) | 0.01 |
| Rupture | 8 (6.3) | 16 (6.0) | 16 (5.2) | 31 (5.3) | 37 (4.9) | 15 (4.0) | 0.17 |
| Urgency status | 0.04 | ||||||
| Elective | 64 (50) | 146 (55) | 202 (65) | 384 (66) | 477 (63) | 249 (67) | |
| Urgent | 25 (20) | 44 (16) | 38 (12) | 58 (10) | 80 (11) | 34 (9.1) | |
| Emergent (< 6 h) | 36 (28) | 70 (26) | 61 (20) | 133 (23) | 186 (25) | 81 (22) | |
| Salvage | 3 (2.3) | 7 (2.6) | 9 (2.9) | 9 (1.5) | 10 (1.3) | 9 (2.4) | |
| Emergent or salvage | 39 (30) | 77 (29) | 70 (23) | 142 (24) | 196 (26) | 90 (24) | 0.04 |
Table shows trends in baseline characteristics in 2435 patients who underwent aortic arch surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest, between 2008 and 2018, in 12 institutions across Canada. Values are n (%) or mean ± standard deviation.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.
⁎
Whether these characteristics changed significantly over time was assessed by mixed-effect linear regression models using date of surgery as a continuous variable to assess a linear trend across the years from 2008 to 2018.