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Intranasally administered GD3 and GM1 restored expression of VDAC1, a major component of the outer mitochondrial membrane known to regulate mitochondrial functions
(A) Intranasally infused GD3 and/or GM1 (5 mg/kg/day for 28 days) increased VDAC1 expression in dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta of A53T PD mouse brain. Green indicates TH; red indicates VDAC1. Scale bar, 10 μm. (B) Western blot analysis of VDAC1 in the substantia nigra.
