Table 1.
Serum concentration (pg/ml) of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors (Wave 1). Results are expressed as median and range [25% percentile; 75% percentile] or number of cases (%). Jonckheere–Terpstra test was used to assess the trend between groups. The non parametric Kruskall Wallis test was applied to assess the difference among three groups followed by Mann Whitney U test for pairwise comparisons.
| CONTROL (n = 49) | MILD COVID-19 (n = 46) | SEVERE COVID-19 (n = 19) | Trend p value | Overall p value | Mild versus control | Severe versus control | Severe versus mild | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, male n. (%) | 24 (48.9) | 27 (58.7) | 15 (78.9) | 0.0795 | ||||
| Age | 53 [49; 56] | 59 [45; 68] | 67 [60; 76] | 0.0085 | 0.0066 | |||
| IL-1β | 3.55 [3.32; 4.34] | 4.82 [3.96; 5.71] | 4.82 [3.96; 7.59] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0065 | |
| IL-1ra | 252 [194.1; 394.6] | 371 [284.1; 723.5] | 889.6 [417.1; 2060] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0002 | < 0.0001 | 0.0477 |
| IL-2 | 11.98 [11.33; 12.96] | 13.41 [12.93; 14.67] | 14.85 [12.93; 16.79] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| IL-4 | 2.04 [1.73; 2.47] | 3.08 [2.64; 3.65] | 3.22 [2.35; 4.35] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| IL-5 | 67.89 [62.28; 76.56] | 99.43 [86.37; 109.5] | 105.6 [84.07; 136.7] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| IL-6 | 5.56 [4.83; 6.07] | 11.3 [8.07; 26.98] | 92.39 [37.95; 157.3] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0170 |
| IL-7 | 28.5 [26.44; 30.76] | 38.66 [33.48; 44.79] | 37.28 [28.24; 46.15] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0003 | |
| IL-8 | 16.09 [13.42; 18.6] | 69.71 [32.63; 176.7] | 171.5 [63.86; 1122] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| IL-9 | 301.8 [280.3; 319.2] | 294.4 [272.5; 333.4] | 280.5 [193.9; 314] | 0.23 | 0.3484 | |||
| IL-10 | 7.39 [6.69; 8.01] | 11.1 [9.98; 13.46] | 16.19 [12.17; 22.07] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| IL-12 (p70) | 11.26 [10.84; 12.88] | 12.31 [11.27; 13.23] | 12.84 [11.66; 13.43] | 0.005 | 0.0018 | 0.0031 | 0.0398 | |
| IL-13 | 5.75 [4.81; 6.64] | 7.02 [3.91; 12.18] | 3.46 [2.83; 9.89] | 0.704 | 0.0780 | |||
| IL-15 | 255.4 [243.5; 278.1] | 333.9 [303.2; 364.6] | 258.6 [276.6; 405.9] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| IL-17 | 22.88 [20.18; 25.48] | 26.22 [23.86; 28.61] | 27.81 [25.43; 30.61] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0011 | 0.0009 | |
| Eotaxin | 55.24 [38.54; 70.51] | 73.8 [39.91; 114.3] | 49.88 [17.39; 78.83] | 0.481 | 0.0328 | |||
| FGF-b | 65.31 [60.11; 70.38] | 71.88 [65.66; 76.76] | 69.54 [59.83; 78.74] | 0.015 | 0.0124 | 0.0093 | ||
| G-CSF | 111.7 [91.71; 127] | 199.5 [155.5; 269.6] | 285.4 [200.4; 581.7] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| GM-CSF | 7.72 [7.41; 8.15] | 8.79 [7.57; 10.39] | 9.27 [7.19; 14.4] | < 0.0001 | 0.0012 | 0.0033 | 0.0183 | |
| IFN-γ | 19.43 [18.1; 22.22] | 28.29 [23.51; 31.09] | 37.02 [27.78; 63.27] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| IP-10 | 526.4 [425.1; 636.7] | 1490 [780.1; 4387] | 3547 [1734; 10989] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| MCP-1 | 45.29 [35.99; 67.23] | 133.1 [63.27; 185.5] | 312 [69.55; 604.6] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| MIP-1α | 2.73 [2.49; 2.97] | 6.45 [4.715; 10.17] | 15.3 [6.95; 57.51] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| MIP-1β | 376.7 [351.3; 410.4] | 363.1 [329.2; 393.7] | 382.1 [206.1; 583.1] | 0.404 | 0.3104 | |||
| RANTES | 34,222 [25916; 42539] | 24,109 [15796; 45255] | 22,739 [2683; 108506] | 0.056 | 0.1442 | |||
| TNF-α | 86.85 [81.23; 100.8] | 104.9 [90.9; 120.3] | 121.5 [73.9; 150.5] | < 0.0001 | 0.0016 | 0.0104 | 0.0077 | |
| VEGF | 394.2 [360.4; 422.3] | 618.2 [524.2; 710.4] | 571.4 [477.2; 814.5] | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| PDGF | 1497 [1230; 1933] | 3046 [2063; 4705] | 1838 [555.4; 5089] | 0.001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0249 |