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. 2021 Oct 21;12:6119. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26385-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — a The equation describing the degree (K) by which the SERS anti-Stokes signal exceeded the expectation of the Boltzmann distribution. Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectra for D(C₇CO)-BTBT/MB (b) and C₈-BTBT/MB (c) analyte/o-SERS systems, and the calculated K values for selected Raman peaks (ν_m). $I_{a S}^{S E R S}$ and $I_{S}^{S E R S}$ are the observed anti-Stokes and Stokes signal intensities, respectively, for the analyte molecule on the current films. $I_{a S}^{t o l}$ and $I_{S}^{t o l}$ are the anti-Stokes and Stokes signal intensities, respectively, for toluene.