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. 2021 Oct 8;12:724372. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.724372

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Copyright © 2021 Hou, Bai, Shen, de Langen, Li, Lal, dos Remedios, Baddeley, Ruygrok, Soeller and Crossman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Confocal imaging of t-sheets in the IDCM human heart. (A) WGA labelling of t-sheets that superficially appear as axial tubules in the single-plane image. (B) 3D projection of the white rectangular region from “(A)” confirm the presence of sheet-like structures. (C) Confocal stack Z-projection 1.5 μm deep of in-plane WGA labelled t-sheet (white arrow). (D) 3D projection of t-sheet from “(C)”. (E) Confocal stack Z-projection 1.5 μm deep of WGA labelling indicating the presence of two t-tubules that have appeared to fuse (white arrow). (F) 3D projection of fused t-tubules from “(E)”. (G) Confocal stack Z-projection 1.5 μm deep of collagen I labelling of t-sheets (white arrow). (H) Confocal stack Z-projection 1.5 μm deep of collagen VI labelling of t-sheets (white arrows). For each label n = 5 IDCM hearts, 3 cells were imaged from each heart.