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Macrophage polarization regulated by tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). A variety of tumors release EVs that can modulate tumor-associated macrophages depending in part on their cargo, as shown. M1 and M2 subsets are shown along with classifying cell markers. EVs can also regulate the transition between these polarization states. In the tumor microenvironment, polarized states across a spectrum are likely observed. Created with BioRender.com.
