Table 1.

A summary of the pleiotropic effects of glucocorticoids in different conditions.

	Suppression of immune responses	Enhancement of immune responses
Exogeneous glucocorticoids	• Suppression of inflammatory cytokine production (1–3) • Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis (3) • Suppression of function and development of Th1, NK, and CD8 T cells (4, 5, 56–60)	• Promotion of differentiation of Th2 and Th17 cells (7, 9, 77, 85, 86)
Circadian rhythminduced glucocorticoids	• Suppression of CXCL5 production and neutrophil recruitment in lung inflammation (49, 50)	• Induction of IL-7R and CXCR4 (7, 61, 74, 75) • Homing of T cells to lymphoid organs (7) • Enhancement of Immune response of CD8 T and Tfh cells (7)
Dietary restrictioninduced glucocorticoids	• Suppression of inflammatory cytokine level in serum (80)	• Migration of memory CD8 T cells into bone marrow (8) • Induction of Bcl2 expression to enhance the survival of memory CD8 T cells (8) • Enhancement of anti-cancer response by memory CD8 T cells (8)
Stressinduced glucocorticoids	• Suppression of IFN-γ production in Th1 and CD8 T cells (81–84) • Inhibition of CD8 T cell response against cancer and viral infection (81–84)	• Increase of IL-17 and neutrophil recruitment in sickle cell disease model (10)

References are shown in parentheses.