Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Literature search flowchart for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). ∗ Excluded for the following reasons: no patient data, pediatric study, no local antibiotic usage, repeat study, animal study, not accessible, and includes surgeries that are not instrumented spinal fusion or fracture surgeries.
