Table 1.
Subgroup analyses of the effect of telehealth interventions on depressive symptoms.
| Subgroup analyses | Number of randomized controlled trials | Mean difference (95% CI) | Z statistic | P value | I2, % | ||||||
| Severity of postpartum depression | <.001 |
|
|||||||||
|
|
EPDSa scores ≥9 | 3 [29,30,37] | –1.64 (–2.20 to –1.08) | 5.76 | <.001 | 71 | |||||
|
|
EPDS scores ≥10 | 2 [32,34] | –0.94 (–1.78 to –0.10) | 2.2 | .03 | 81 | |||||
|
|
EPDS scores ≥12 | 4 [31,33,35,36] | –5.27 (–5.95 to –4.60) | 15.29 | <.001 | 84 | |||||
| Telehealth technology | <.001 |
|
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|
|
Telephone | 6 [29-31,34,36,37] | –2.18 (–2.64 to –1.72) | 9.26 | <.001 | 84 | |||||
|
|
App | 2 [33,37] | –4.02 (–4.67 to –3.36) | 12.03 | <.001 | 98 | |||||
|
|
Website | 3 [32,35,36] | –1.62 (–2.47 to –0.78) | 3.76 | <.001 | 87 | |||||
| Specific therapy | <.001 |
|
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|
|
Peer support | 3 [29,30,37] | –1.64 (–2.20 to –1.08) | 5.76 | <.001 | 71 | |||||
|
|
Interpersonal psychotherapy | 1 [31] | –5.13 (–6.44 to –3.82) | 7.7 | <.001 | N/Ab | |||||
|
|
Cognitive behavioral therapy | 3 [32-34] | –3.25 (–3.91 to –2.60) | 9.73 | <.001 | 97 | |||||
|
|
Behavioral activation therapy | 2 [35,36] | –3.30 (–4.50 to –2.10) | 5.4 | <.001 | 0 | |||||
| Follow-up time (weeks) | <.001 |
|
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|
|
4 | 2 [29,37] | –1.21 (–1.93 to –0.49) | 3.3 | .001 | 73 | |||||
|
|
6 | 1 [34] | –1.90 (–3.08 to –0.72) | 3.16 | .002 | N/A | |||||
|
|
8 | 3 [29,32,33] | –3.86 (–4.64 to –3.07) | 9.6 | <.001 | 99 | |||||
|
|
12 | 3 [30,31,37] | –2.12 (–2.65 to –1.60) | 7.92 | <.001 | 93 | |||||
|
|
15 | 1 [35] | –3.34 (–4.75 to –1.93) | 4.65 | <.001 | N/A | |||||
|
|
17 | 1 [36] | –3.21 (–5.50 to –0.92) | 2.74 | .006 | N/A | |||||
|
|
24 | 3 [30,31,34] | –1.58 (–2.14 to –1.03) | 5.55 | <.001 | 94 | |||||
|
|
36 | 1 [31] | –3.34 (–4.75 to –1.93) | 4.65 | <.001 | N/A | |||||
aEPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.
bN/A: not applicable.