Table 5.
Maternal pregnancy and neonatal outcomes following daily supplementation of extra virgin olive oil and pistachios
| All women (normo-glycaemic (<5⋅1 mmol/l) at 8–12 GW(92) | Normo-glycaemic throughout pregnancy(94) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group (n 440) | Intervention group (n 434) | Control group (n 337) | Intervention group (n 360) | |
| Maternal outcome | ||||
| GDM | 103 (23⋅4 %) | 74 (17⋅1 %)* | 0 | 0 |
| Treatment of GDM | ||||
| Nutrition | 70 (65⋅4 %) | 60 (81 %) | 0 | 0 |
| Insulin | 33 (32 %) | 14 (19 %)* | 0 | 0 |
| Delivery | ||||
| Emergency section | 31 (51⋅7 %) | 9 (15 %)*** | 25 (7⋅4 %) | 8 (2⋅2 %)** |
| Perineal trauma | 48 (10⋅9 %) | 14 (3⋅2 %)*** | 49 (14⋅5 %) | 13 (3⋅6 %)*** |
| Neonatal outcomes | ||||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39⋅6 ± 1⋅4 | 39⋅6 ± 1⋅2 | 39⋅6 ± 1⋅3 | 39⋅7 ± 1⋅3 |
| Prematurity (<37 GW) | 17 (3⋅8 %) | 5 (1⋅2 %)** | 11 (3⋅6 %) | 4 (1⋅1 %) |
| Birthweight (g) | 3215 ± 480 | 3250 ± 391 | 3219 ± 465 | 3269 ± 396 |
| Small for GA (<10 percentile) | 25 (5⋅7 %) | 5 (1⋅2 %)*** | 14 (4⋅2 %) | 4 (1⋅1 %)* |
| Large for GA (<10 percentile) | 18 (4⋅1 %) | 4 (0⋅9 %)** | 11 (3⋅3 %) | 3 (0⋅8 %)* |
GW, gestational weeks; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GA, gestational age.
Control diet: standard Mediterranean diet with limited fat intake; Intervention; Mediterranean diet supplemented daily with >40 ml extra virgin olive oil and handful (25–30 g) pistachios.
*P < 0⋅05, **P < 0⋅01, ***P ≤ 0⋅001.