Table 7.

Effect of whole wheat bread and pistachios on incretin (GIP and GLP-1) levels in women with GDM or GIGT⁽⁹⁾

	GDM				GIGT
	GIP (pmol/l)		GLP-1 (pmol/l)		GIP (pmol/l)		GLP-1 (pmol/l)
Time (minutes)a	WWB	P	WWB	P	WWB	P	WWB	P
0	6⋅75 ± 0⋅78	6⋅63 ± 0⋅74	4⋅46 ± 0⋅50	4⋅69 ± 0⋅49	15⋅33 ± 3⋅98	13⋅91 ± 4⋅50	3⋅50 ± 0⋅79	3⋅67 ± 0⋅75
30	35⋅91 ± 22⋅43	23⋅26 ± 22⋅26*	6⋅53 ± 4⋅24	5⋅60 ± 2⋅63	43⋅93 ± 47⋅82	29⋅15 ± 42⋅04	3⋅59 ± 3⋅18	3⋅49 ± 3⋅44
60	63⋅92 ± 32⋅10	44⋅93 ± 27⋅89*	7⋅33 ± 3⋅15	7⋅08 ± 2⋅77	72⋅25 ± 49⋅63	53⋅01 ± 55⋅67	3⋅30 ± 2⋅67	5⋅07 ± 4⋅66*
90	57⋅52 ± 25⋅06	46⋅82 ± 31⋅35	4⋅87 ± 3⋅01	7⋅45 ± 3⋅51*	67⋅57 ± 53⋅51	50⋅65 ± 46⋅59	2⋅88 ± 2⋅37	5⋅53 ± 4⋅75*
120	59⋅53 ± 28⋅35	50⋅29 ± 33⋅65	4⋅37 ± 3⋅12	6⋅85 ± 3⋅65*	66⋅62 ± 43⋅60	52⋅99 ± 30⋅94*	2⋅61 ± 3⋅11	4⋅22 ± 4⋅25*

GIP, gastric inhibitory polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GIGT, gestational impaired glucose tolerance; WWB, whole wheat bread; P, pistachios.

^aTime after consumption of the meal.

*P < 0⋅05 between treatments.