Table 2.

Studies examining the association between COVID-19 lockdown and the rates of stillbirth

Study Ref.	Design	Country	Data Source	Study Period	Pregnancy type	Before Lockdown Period			During Lockdown Period			Effect
						Definition	Rate/ 1000 total births	p-value and/or (95% CI)	Definition	Rate/ 1000 total births	p-value and/or (95% CI)	OR or RR	p-value and/or (95% CI)	% Reduction/Increase
Cohort studies
Ashish et al. (2020)	Cohort	Nepal	SUSTAIN1and REFINE2 studies	Jan 1-May 30, 2020	Singletons	Stillbirth3	14	< 0.0001 (12, 16)	Stillbirth	21	< 0.0001 (18, 25)	aRR = 1.46	0.0042 (1.13, 1.89)	Increase
De Curtis et al. (2020) [14]	Retrospective	Italy	Lazio hospital discharge database	March–May, 2020	Singletons	Stillbirth	10	N/A	Stillbirth	26	N/A	N/A	0.0017	Increase
Gallo et al. (2021)	Retrospective	Australia	Mater Mothers’ electronic healthcare records database	March 16–May 1, 2013–2020	Singletons	Stillbirth4	4.57	N/A	Stillbirth	5	N/A	N/A	0.7	NS change
Khalil et al. (2020) [10]	Cohort	United Kingdom	St. George’s University Hospital	Oct 1-Jun 21, 2019–2020	Singletons, Twins & Triplets	Stillbirth	2.38	N/A	Stillbirth	9.31	N/A	N/A	0.01 (1.83, 12.0)	Increase
Kumari et al. (2020) [20]	Retrospective	India	Tertiary Care Medical College in Western India	Jan 15- Jun 2, 2020	N/A	Stillbirth	22.5	N/A	Stillbirth	31.5	N/A	N/A	0.02	0.9% Increase
Meyer et al. (2020)	Retrospective	Israel	Sheba Medical Center	March 20 – June 27, 2011–2020	Singletons	Stillbirth	10	N/A	Stillbirth	8	N/A	N/A	0.424	NS change
Stowe et al. (2020)	Cohort	United Kingdom	Hospital Episode Statistics	Apr 1 – June 30, 2019–2020	N/A	Stillbirth5	4	(0.37–0.44)	Stillbirth	4.1	0.38–0.45	Rate ratio = 1.02	0.69 (0.91–1.15)	NS change
Arnaez et al. (2021) [17]	Retrospective	Spain	13 hospitals of the Castilla-y-Léon region	Jan 1-June 21, 2015–2020	Singletons	Stillbirth	4.4	(0.22–0.7)	Stillbirth	4.6	(0.37–2.18)	OR = 0.90	(0.53–1.79)	NS change
Shakespeare et al. (2021) [21]	Retrospective single-centre cross sectional	Zimbabwe	Mpilo Central Hospital	Jan-June 2020	N/A	Stillbirth	33.1	N/A	Stillbirth	30.09	N/A	N/A	0.81	NS change
Kumar et al. (2021) [22]	Case-control	India	Tertiary Hospital in India	Mar-Sept, 2019–2020	N/A	Stillbirth	29.9	N/A	Stillbirth	37.4	N/A	N/A	0.045	Increase

Abbreviations: OR Odds Ratio, RR Risk Ratio, NS Not Significant, N/A Not Associated, NR Not Recorded

¹ISRCTN18148368

²ISRCTN16741720

³22 weeks, born with no signs of life

⁴19–43 weeks, born with no signs of life

⁵ > 24 weeks, born with no signs of life