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. 2021 Jun 30;74(12):2057–2074. doi: 10.1177/17470218211024826

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© Experimental Psychology Society 2021

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 5. — Comparison of experimental groups on empathy and self–other merging. (a) Effects of experimental condition on Empathic Concern and (b) Personal Distress (IRI: Interpersonal Reactivity Index), (c) Peripheral Responsivity (QCAE: Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy), and (d) self–other merging (IOS: Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale).

Note. Dots = means; error bars = bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals; width = distribution density (frequency). * = p < .05; *** = p < .001. Empathy was highest in the Embodied Perspective-Taking group.