Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Oct 22;4(10):1375–1385. doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.09.017

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2021 Elsevier Inc.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

PMC Copyright notice

Illustration of scenario of a framework for one middle-income country

Scenario 1 (SC1) is characterized by the occurrence of typhoons that hit late in the typhoon season, but no COVID-19 shock.

Scenario 2 (SC2) is characterized by the COVID-19 shock (no typhoon).

Scenario 3 (SC3) considers the case of the COVID-19 shock followed by a low-impact (mild) typhoon that occurs late in the typhoon season.

Scenario 4 (SC4) considers the case of the COVID-19 shock followed by a high-impact (strong) typhoon that occurs late in the typhoon season. COVID-19 scenarios were based upon actual data available for the countries at the time of the study. The impact of natural hazard is estimated as relative loss of capital stock by economic sector, based on a fitted Findex damage function relevant to the country, calculated by using World Bank in-house catastrophe risk models. For a comprehensive discussion of scenarios design and analysis, see Dunz et al.³⁶ for Mexico.