Table 1.
Intermittent Fasting: Effect on CHD Risk Parameters
| Reference | Duration, wk | Subjects | Intervention | Weight, % Change | CHD Risk Parameters, % Change | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC | LDL | HDL | TG | SBP | DBP | Glucose | Insulin | HOMA-IR | ||||||
| Alternate-day fasting (fasting 3–4 d/wk) | ||||||||||||||
| Heilbronn et al,80 2005 | 3 | n=16, M and F Age, 23–53 y Overweight Race/ethnicity: NR |
Fast day: 0% intake Feed day: ad libitum intake Food not provided |
↓3* | … | … | ↑VNR in women only* | ↓VNR* | … | … | ↓1 | ↓57* | … | |
| Eshghinia and Mohammadzadeh,81 2013 | 6 | n=15, F Age, 34±6 y Obese Race/ethnicity: NR |
Fast day: 30% intake Feed day: ad libitum intake Food not provided |
↓7* | ↓6 | ↓12 | ↑19 | ↓11 | ↓8* | ↓10* | ↓6 | … | … | |
| Johnson et al,82 2007 | 8 | n=10, M and F Age: NR Obese Race/ethnicity: NR |
Fast day: 20% intake Feed day: ad libitum intake Food provided on fast day |
↓8* | ↓9* | ↓10 | ↑4 | ↓42* | … | … | ↑6 | ↓37* | ↓33* | |
| Varady et al,83 2009 | 8 | n=16, M and F Age, 46±2 y Obese Prediabetic Race/ethnicity: 6–H 8–B 2–W |
Fast day: 25% intake Feed day: ad libitum intake Food provided on fast day |
↓6* | ↓21* | ↓32* | ↑9 | ↓35* | ↓6* | ↓6* | ↓4* | ↓20* | ↓19* | |
| Klempel et al,84 2012 | 8 | n=32, F Age, 42±2 y Obese Race/ethnicity: 8–H 24–B 0–W |
Fast day: 25% intake, high fat Feed day: ad libitum intake, high fat Fast day: 25% intake, low fat Feed day: ad libitum intake, low fat Food provided all days in all groups |
↓5* ↓4* |
↓13* ↓16* |
↓18* ↓25* |
↓1 ↑5 |
↓14* ↓24* |
↓2 ↓2 |
↓3 ↑3 |
↓2 ↓2 |
… | … | |
| Hoddy et al,85 2014 | 8 | n=74, M and F Age, 45±3 y Obese Race/ethnicity: NR |
Fast day: 25% intake as lunch Feed day: ad libitum intake Fast day: 25% intake as dinner Feed day: ad libitum intake Fast day: 25% intake as small meals Feed day: ad libitum intake Food provided on fast day in all groups |
↓4* ↓4* ↓4* |
↓1 ↓3 0 |
↓1 0 0 |
↓4 0 ↓2 |
↓6 ↓8 ↓1 |
↓2 ↓4 ↓5* |
↓1 ↓4 ↓1 |
↓2 ↓1 ↓1 |
0 ↓18 ↓12 |
↓10 ↓26 ↓19 |
|
| Bhutani et al,86 2013 | 12 | n=32, M and F Age, 43±3 y Obese Race/ethnicity: 18–H 41–B 21–W 3–Other |
Fast day: 25% intake Feed day: ad libitum intake Food provided on fast day Control: ad libitum fed every day Food not provided |
↓4* 0 |
↑7 ↑1 |
↓1 ↑3 |
0 ↑8 |
↑3 ↑5 |
↓3* ↓2 |
↓2 ↓2 |
↓3 ↑2 |
↓11† ↑1 |
↓9† ↑2 |
|
| Varady et al,87 2013 | 12 | n=32, M and F Age, 47±4y Normal weight and overweight Prediabetic Race/ethnicity: 3–H 13–B 14–W |
Fast day: 25% intake Feed day: ad libitum intake Food provided on fast day Control: ad libitum fed every day Food not provided |
↓7* ↓1 |
↓13* ↓4 |
↓16* ↓7 |
↓4 ↑2 |
↓2* ↑9 |
↓6* ↑1 |
↓6* ↑1 |
↓8* ↑2 |
↓31† ↑2 |
↓28† ↑2 |
|
| Periodic fasting (fasting 1–2 d/wk) | ||||||||||||||
| Klempel et al,88 2012 | 8 | n=54, F Age, 48±2 y Obese Prediabetic Race/ethnicity‡: 9–H 34–B 6–W 5–A |
1 d/wk: 0% intake 6 d/wk: 70% intake, liquid diet Food provided 1 d/wk: 0% intake 6 d/wk: 70% intake, food diet Food not provided |
↓4* ↓3* |
↓19* ↓8* |
↓20* ↓7* |
↓5 ↓2 |
↓17* ↓3 |
↓2 ↓5 |
↓5 0 |
↓3* ↓2 |
↓21* ↓13 |
↓23* ↓12 |
|
| Harvie et al,89 2011 | 24 | n=53,F Age, 30–45 y Overweight and obese Race/ethnicity: 2–B 103–W 2–Other |
2 d/wk: 25% intake 5 d/wk: ad libitum intake Food not provided |
↓7* | ↓6* | ↓10* | 0 | ↓16* | ↓3* | ↓6* | ↓2 | ↓29* | ↓27* | |
A indicates Asian; B, black, African American, or Afro-Caribbean; CHD, coronary heart disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; F, female; H, Hispanic; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M, male; NR, not reported; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VNR, value not reported; and W, white.
*
Posttreatment value significantly different from baseline value (P<0.05).
†
Significantly different from control group (P<0.05).
‡
Reflects 30 of 32 completing the study and included in the analyses.