Table 2.
Meal Frequency Regimens Without Calorie Restriction: Effect on CHD Risk Parameters
| Reference | Duration, wk | Subjects | Intervention | Weight, % Change | CHD Risk Parameters, % Change | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Treatment | TC | LDL | HDL | TG | DBP | SBP | Glucose | Insulin | HOMA-IR | ||||
| 1 Meal per day | ||||||||||||||
| Stote et al,90 2007 | 8 | n=15, M and F Age, 45±1 y Normal weight Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 15% Pro 35% Fat 50% Carb Food provided |
↓1 | ↑19* | ↑25* | ↑17* | ↓4 | ↑1* | ↑1* | … | … | … |
| 3 Meals per day | ||||||||||||||
| McGrath and Gibney,91 1994 | Not stated | n =12, M Age: not stated Normal weight Race/ethnicity: NR |
13% Pro 39% Fat 48% Carb |
14% Pro 41% Fat 45% Carb Food not provided |
0 | ↑1 | ↑3 | 0 | ↓19 | … | … | … | … | … |
| Jenkins et al,92 1989 | 2 | n=7, M Age, 31–51 y BMI: not stated Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 15% Pro 33% Fat 52% Carb Food provided |
↓1 | ↓4 | ↑2 | ↓4 | ↓39 | … | … | No Δ VNR | … | … |
| Murphy et al,93 1996 | 2 | n =11,F Age, 22±1 y BMI: not stated Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 20% Pro 40% Fat 40% Carb Food not provided |
0 | ↑3 | 0 | ↑7* | ↓2 | … | … | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | … |
| Arnold et al,94 1993 | 2 | n=19, M and F Age, 32±2 y Normal weight Race/ethnicity: NR |
15% Pro 28% Fat 57% Carb |
15% Pro 28% Fat 57% Carb Food not provided |
0 | ↓4 | ↓7 | ↑1 | ↑3 | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | … |
| Arnold et al,95 1994 | 4 | n=16, M and F Age, 50±2 y BMI: Not stated Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 17% Pro 35% Fat 48% Carb Food not provided |
0 | ↓1 | ↑4* | ↑1 | ↓23 | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | … |
| Arciero et al,96 2013 | 4 | n=10, M and F Age, 46±2 y Overweight Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 35% Pro 21% Fat 44% Carb Food not provided |
↓1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR |
| Stote et al,90 2007 | 8 | n=15, M and F Age, 45±1 y Normal weight Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 15% Pro 35% Fat 50% Carb Food provided |
↑1 | ↑1* | ↑4 | ↑6 | ↓4 | ↓3* | ↓5* | … | … | … |
| 6 Meals per day | ||||||||||||||
| Farshchi et al,97 2004 | 2 | n=9, F Age, 18–42 y Normal weight Race/ethnicity: NR |
18% Pro 35% Fat 47% Carb |
14% Pro 40% Fat 46% Carb Food not provided |
↓1 | ↓1* | ↓8* | ↑8 | ↑5 | — | — | ↓6% | ↓11% | ↓11% |
| Farshchi et al,98 2005 | 2 | n=10, F Age, 32–47 y Obese Race/ethnicity: NR |
17% Pro 38% Fat 45% Carb |
17% Pro 38% Fat 45% Carb Food not provided |
0 | ↓3* | ↓6* | ↑1 | ↓4 | … | … | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | … |
| Arciero et al,96 2013 | 4 | n=10, M and F Age, 46±2 y Overweight Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 35% Pro 21% Fat 44% Carb Food not provided |
↓1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR |
| McGrath and Gibney,91 1994 | Not stated | n=11,M Age: not stated Normal weight Race/ethnicity: NR |
13% Pro 39% Fat 48% Carb |
14% Pro 41% Fat 45% Carb Food not provided |
0 | ↓8* | ↓12 | ↑1 | ↓15 | … | … | … | … | … |
| 9 Meals per day | ||||||||||||||
| Arnold et al,94 1993 | 2 | n=19, M and F Normal weight Race/ethnicity: NR |
15% Pro 28% Fat 57% Carb |
15% Pro 28% Fat 57% Carb Food not provided |
0 | ↓10* | ↓14* | ↓3* | ↑1 | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | … |
| Arnold et al,95 1994 | 4 | n=16, M and F BMI: not stated Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 17% Pro 35% Fat 48% Carb Food not provided |
0 | 0 | ↑6 | ↓1 | ↓21 | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | … |
| 12 Meals per day | ||||||||||||||
| Murphy et al,93 1996 | 2 | n=11, F BMI: not stated Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 20% Pro 40% Fat 40% Carb Food provided |
0 | ↓3 | ↓1 | ↓2 | ↑3 | … | … | No Δ VNR | No Δ VNR | … |
| 17 Meals per day | ||||||||||||||
| Jenkins et al,92 1989 | 2 | n=7, M 31–51 y BMI: not stated Race/ethnicity: NR |
Not stated | 15% Pro 33% Fat 52% Carb Food provided |
↓1 | ↓16* | ↓18* | ↓2 | ↓26 | … | … | No Δ VNR | … | … |
BMI indicates body mass index; Carb, percent energy from carbohydrates; CHD, coronary heart disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; F, female; Fat, percent energy from fat; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M, male; NR, not reported; Pro, percent energy from protein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; and VNR, value not reported.
*
Posttreatment value significantly different from baseline value (P<0.05).