Table 2.

Various combinations of multistrain probiotics and their effect on poultry production.

Multistrain	Cell Count	Mode of Administration/Dose	Host	Duration	Effect	No Effect	Ref.
L. acidophilus L. casei E. faecium B. thermophilum	1 × 108 CFU/g	Orally 1–2 weeks; 0.9 3–4 weeks; 0.454 5–6 weeks; 0.225 g/kg Lyophilized mixture added to the diet	Male broiler chicks	42 days	Decreased gizzard weight and abdominal fat Increased antibody production	No effect on growth, carcass parameter, and blood biochemistry	[99]
L. acidophilus L. casei E. faecium B. bifidium	n.s	Orally (via non-chlorinated water)	Broiler chickens	42 days	Improved BW and response of antibody to new castle disease and infectious bursal disease vaccination Reduced FCR	No effect on antibody titer	[100]
L. salivarius L. reuteri L. crispatus L. johnsonii	1 × 105 1 × 106 1 × 107 CFU/egg	In-ovo (100 μL/egg injected on 18th embryonic day)	Broiler chickens	1 day	Expression of cecal tonsils cytokine gene was downregulated Enhanced antibody-mediated immune responses against a highly immunogenic T cell-dependent antigen	No effect on T-cell in the spleen	[101]
B. subtilis CPB 011 B. subtilis CPB 029 B. subtilis HP 1.6 B. subtilis D 014 B. velezensis CBP 020 B. velezensis CPB 035	1 × 109  CFU/g	Orally (100 g/ton mixed with feed)	C. perfringens challenged male broiler chicken	35 days	Improved final BW and FCR, intestinal morphology, and reduced liver weight	n.s	[102]
L. acidophilus B. subtilis DSM 17299 C. butyricum.	2 × 105 CFU/kg	Orally (mixed with diet)	Broiler chickens	5 weeks	Increased BW, digestibility of ileal amino acid, and humoral immune response Reduced FCR, fecal NH3, and cecal E. coli	No effect on IgG, lymphocyte, RBC, and WBC.	[103]
L. acidophilus L. casei B. thermophillum E. faecium	2.5 × 107 CFU/g	Orally (0.1 g/kg supplemented in basal diet)	Broiler breeder (51 weeks old)	10 weeks	Reduced ileal E. coli	No effect on hatchability, egg quality, mortality, fertility, BW, GIT function, or nutrient digestibility, and Lactobacillus spp. population	[66]
A. oryzae B. subtilis S. cerevisiae L. plantarum Rhodopseudomonas capsulate	1 × 109 1 × 109 1 × 109 1 × 109 1 × 107 CFU/g	Orally (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% supplemented in basal diet)	Laying hens (40 weeks old)	3 weeks	Improved egg protein quality	No effect on yolk color and hen productivity	[104]
Bacillus toyonensis B. bifidum	5 × 108 6 × 108 CFU/mL	Orally (0.5–1 mL/kg added to basal diet)	Japanese quail	42 days	Enhanced growth performance, meat quality, and carcass traits Reduced feed intake, FCR, and proliferation of pathogenic intestinal bacteria	n.s	[105]
L. casei L. acidophilus Bifidobacterium	>5 × 109 CFU/g	Orally (1%; 10 mL/L of distilled drinking water)	Broiler chickens	42 days	Improved growth performance, carcass trait, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota, and immunity	n.s	[106]
L. casei L. lactis L. plantarum Carnobacterium divergens S. cerevisiae	107, 108, 109 CFU/g * (3 different doses of the mixture)	Orally (500 g/1000 kg of feed)	Meat-type female turkey	16 weeks	Increased femur elongation and area. Reduced bone strength. Enhanced elastic strength of tibia. Influenced bone thickness.	No effect on body weight, bone mass, and bone mineral concentration	[107]

BWG, Body weight gain; FCR, Feed conversion ratio; RBC, Red blood cell; n.s, not stated by the author. * We used asteisk * to only indicate the peculiarity of the varying dosage used in this part.