Table 1.
Medicinal plants used to treat diarrheal cases in Rwanda.
| Family | Species | Vernacular Name | Use | Used Part | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asteraceae (6) | Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. | Igishikashike | D | L | [42] |
| Senecio cydoniifolius O. Hoffm. Ex Engl. | Irarire | D | L | [43] | |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray | Ikicamahirwe/kimbazi | D | L | [44] | |
| Vernonia aemulans Vatke | Idoma | D | L | [42,43] | |
| Vernonia amygdalina Delile | Umubirizi | D | L and F | [42,43,44,45] | |
| Vernonia pogosperma Klatt | Umubimbafuro | D | L | [42,45] | |
| Lamiaceae (5) | Clerodendrum myricoides R. Br. | Umukuzanyana | D | R, BS | [42,44,46,47,48] |
| Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R. Br. | Akanyamapfundo | DDC | F | [44,46] | |
| Plectranthus laxiflorus | Umukuzanyana | D | L | [49] | |
| Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd | Umuravumba | D | R, BR, and L | [46,47,50] | |
| Thymus vulgaris L. | Timu | D | ND | [35] | |
| Fabaceae (5) | Crotalaria mesopontica Taub. | Akayogera | D | L | [46] |
| Entada abyssinica A. Rich | Umusange | D | R, S, and L | [42] | |
| Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. | Umuko | Dysentery | L | [46] | |
| Indigofera asparagoides Taub | Kizibana | D | H | [42] | |
| Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby | Umukubanzoka | D | L | [33] | |
| Euphorbiaceae (4) | Euphorbia hirta L. | Nyaantuku | DD | WP | [42] |
| Euphorbia tirucalli L. | Umuyenzi | D | L | [42] | |
| Phyllunthus bequaertii Rob. | Uruheza | DC | S | [44] | |
| Tragia brevipes Pax | Isusa | DD | L | [33,44,46] | |
| Amaranthaceae (3) | Chenopodium procerum Hoehst. ex Moq./C. ambrosioides L. | Umwisheke | DD | L | [33,44,46] |
| Chenopodium ugandae (Aellen) Aellen | Umugombe | DD | L | [33,44,46,51] | |
| Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz | Igifashi | D | L | [46,51] | |
| Malvaceae (3) | Hibiscus fuscus Garcke | Umutozo | D | L | [46,51] |
| Hibiscus surattensis L. | Urubebwa | D | L | [46] | |
| Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. | Umushyigura | D | PRW | [46] | |
| Acanthaceae (2) | Monechma subsessile (Olive) C.B. Clarke | Umubazi | D | L | [50] |
| Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims | Nkurimwonga | D | L | [46] | |
| Polygonaceae (2) | Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. | Igifumba | Dysentery | R | [46] |
| Rumex usambarensis (Engl.) Dammer | Umufumbageshi | D | L | [46] | |
| Myrtaceae (2) | Psidium guajava L. | Ipera | Dysentery | L | [44] |
| Syzygium parvifolium (Engl.) Mildbr. | Umugote | D | B | [35] | |
| Anacardiaceae (2) | Rhus vulgaris Meikle | Umusagara | D | L | [49] |
| Mangifera indica L. | Umwembe | D | L | [43] | |
| Rubiaceae (2) | Rubia cordifolia L. | Umukararambwe | D | R | [46] |
| Mitragyna rubrostipulata Havil | Umuziwaziwa/umuzibaziba | DD | R, B, and L | [42,46] | |
| Mimosaceae (2) | Acacia sieberiana DC. | Umunyinya | D | R, BR, and L | [42,43] |
| Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W. Wight | Umusebeya/umusanza | D | L | [42] | |
| Poaceae (2) | Eragrostis racemosa (Thunb.) Steud. | Ihumba | D | L | [49] |
| Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv. | Umutsina | Dysentery | S | [44] | |
| Rosaceae (2) | Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkm. | Umwumba | Dysentery | L | [33] |
| Rubus rigidus Sm. | Umukeri | D | PWR | [44,46] | |
| Ranunculaceae | Clematis hirsuta Guill. & Perr. | Umunkamba | D | L | [46,51] |
| Clusiaceae | Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. | Umushayishayi | D | BS | [42,44] |
| Asparagaceae | Dracaena afromontana Mildb. | Umuhati | D | L | [44] |
| Moraceae | Ficus thonningii Blume | Umuvumu | Dysentery | L | [44] |
| Iridaceae | Gladiolus psittacinus Hook. | Karungu | D | R | [44] |
| Musaceae | Musa acuminata Colla | Igitoki cy’umushabi | C, dysentery | F | [44] |
| Myricaceae | Myrica kandtiana Engl. | Isubyo | D | BS and L | [44] |
| Pedaliaceae | Sesamum angolense Welw. | Igonde | Dysentery | L | [44,46] |
| Splanaceae | Solanum dasyphyllum Schum. et Thonn. | Igitoborwa | D | R and BR | [44] |
| Melastomataceae | Dissotis throthae Gilg | Icyeba | D | ND | [52] |
| Myrsinaceae | Maesa lanceolate Forssk. | Umuhanga | Dysentery | L | [48] |
| Olacaceae | Ximenia caffra Sond. | Umusasa | D | R | [53] |
| Annonaceae | Annona senegalensis Pers. | Umuhonnyo | D | S and BR | [54] |
| Melianthaceae | Bersama abyssinica Fresen | Umukaka | D | L | [55] |
| Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. | Ipapayi | DC | L | [43] |
| Lycopodiaceae | Lycopodium clavatum L. | Kazibannyo | D | WP | [43] |
| Plantaginaceae | Plantago palmate Hook.f. | Imbatabata | DD | R | [49] |
| Urticaceae | Urtica massaica Mildbr. | Igisura | D | L and S | [49] |
| Cucurbitaceae | Momordica foetida Schumach. | Umwishywa | D | L | [49] |
| Passifloraceae | Passiflora edulis Sims | Marakunja | D | L | [49] |
| Asphodelaceae | Aloe spp. | Igikakarubamba | D | L | [33] |
Key: C, cholera; D, diarrhea; DD, diarrhea and dysentery; DC, diarrhea and cholera; DDC, diarrhea, dysentery, and cholera; L, leaves; F, fruits; S, stem; R, root; B, bark; H, herb; BR, bark root; BS, bark of stem; WP, whole plant; PWR, plant without root; and ND, not indicated. The number in brackets (first column) refers to the number of species belonging to each family. Table 1 is arranged in descending order according to the number of medicinal plants per family.