Table 3.
Goat feeds as bioactive compounds sources: in vitro and in vivo effects on bioactivity and pro-health properties (modified and adapted from and Puga et al. [30] and Delgadillo et al. [31]).
| Experiment 6 | Experiment 7 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro | ||||||||
| Variables | AS | AF | Acacia farnesiana Pods Extracts | |||||
| CE | HE | KE | ME | MEAE | AE | |||
| Total polyphenol (TP) mg of equivalent of gallic acid/g of extract |
213 a | 76 b | TPC, mg of equivalent of gallic acid/100 g pods, dry matter | |||||
| 506 c | 620 a | 594 b | 378 d | 399 d | 565 b | |||
| Free radical scavenging capacity % (DPPH+) | 95 a | 95 a | 90 a | 80 b | 79 b | 82 b | 80 b | 80 b |
| Free radical scavenging capacity % (ABTS•+) | 10 a | 10 a | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Inhibition of TBARS formation, % | 66 a | 66 a | IC50 on TBARS ug/mL | |||||
| 9 b | 12 a | 4.0 c | 4.5 c | 4.5 c | 17 a | |||
| Protection against H2O2 oxidative-induced damage †; (%) | ++ | +++ | 37 a | 25 b | 36 a | 18 c | 23 b | 18 c |
| Oxygen radical absorbance capacity, (ORAC) § | - | - | 150 c | 100 d | 450 b | 450 b | 500 a | 50 e |
| Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ¥ | - | - | 1.5 a | 1.4 a | 1.5 a | 2.0 a | 1.7 a | 1.4 a |
| In Vivo | ||||||||
| Free radical scavenging capacity, % (DPPH+) | 29 | 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)≠ | 2207 | 1561 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Edema (mg) | - | - | 12 a | 13 a | 13 a | 11 a | 14 a | 14 a |
| MPO inhibition % | - | - | 34.9 b | 28.5 b | 65.9 a | 31.0 b | 73.3 a | 37.1 b |
| Interleukins IL-1β (pg/biopsy) Š | - | - | 52 b | 60 a | 55 b | 52 b | 50 b | 52 b |
| Interleukins IL-6 (pg/biopsy) Š | - | - | 800 b | 1200 a | 780 b | 1100 a | 1200 a | 1100 a |
| TNF-α Š | - | - | 15 b | 12 b | 17 a | 13 b | 22 a | 11 b |
| Ear thickness (µm) | - | - | 400 b | 420 b | 580 a | 580 a | 300 c | 400 b |
| Prostaglandin (µg/mL) | - | - | 1200 b | 900 d | 3000 c | 16,000 a | 11,000 b | 12,000 b |
AS = Acacia schaffneri; AF = Acacia farnesiana; DPPH+ = 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS = 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid); TBARS = thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; ORAC = oxygen radical absorbance capacity; FRAP = ferric reducing antioxidant power. † Extract crude added at 200 ppm. § μm of Trolox equivalents/g of extract. § mmol of Trolox equivalents/mL of extract. ≠ Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) (μM Trolox equivalents/L) of gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) plasma. MPO = oxidative enzyme myeloperoxidase. OD = optic density. Interleukins IL-1ß (pg/biopsy). Š Interleukin in supernatants of homogenates from CD-1 mice ears after treatment with different extracts from AF pods. CE = chloroformic extract. HE = hexanic extract. KE = ketonic extract. ME = methanolic extract. MEAE = methanolic:aqueous extract. AE = aqueous extract. CD = goat’s milk from conventional diet. G = goat’s milk from grazing diet. CD + AF = goat’s milk from conventional diet + 30% of Acacia farnesiana pods flour diet. a,b,c,d,e Means with different letters within rows are significantly different at α = 0.05.