Table 1.

Ethogram used during behavioral monitoring of chimpanzees.

Behavioral Category	Definition
1. Participation *	The Chimpanzee is Actively Interacting or in Contact with The Artificial Termite Mound.
2. Tool use *	To use a Mobile Element, External to the Body, to Perform a Directed Action. Includes Tool Modification and Transportation.
3. Feeding *	Searching, Locating, Handling, and Ingesting or Transporting Food. Includes Fluid Intake.
4. Inactivity	No Action or Activity, Sitting or Lying Down. Includes Self-Observation, Yawning, and Sleeping.
5. Abnormal Behaviors	Maladjusted Stereotypical Behaviors such as Rocking, Pacing, Self–Harm, Coprophagy (Eating Feces), Regurgitation, and Reingestion, Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling), Trichotillophagia (Hair-Pulling Eating Hair), Ear-Poking, Eye-Poking.
6. Self-Directed Behaviors	Instantaneous Scan Sampling (All Phases): Behaviors Directed towards the Subject, such as Body Inspection, Self-Grooming, Masturbation and Scratching or Rubbing One’s Body with the Hands or Fingers. Untimed-Event Focal Sampling (Treatment Phase): Includes the Following Behaviors: (1) Scratches: Continuous Movement of the Hand over the Skin Involving the Ends of the Digits or Nails; (2) Rubs: Continuous Movement of the Hand over The Skin not Involving the Ends of the Digits Performed Either with the Palmar, Dorsal or Lateral Side of the Hand. This Category also Includes Self-Touches such as Nose-Wiping [48] or Face Stroking [46].
7. Social Proximity *	The Chimpanzee is at Less Than One-Arm Length from One or More Subjects while Performing any Solitary Activity, but with no Social Interaction between Subjects.
8. Affiliation-related Behaviors	Includes the Following Behaviors: (1) Grooming: Body-Cleansing Behavior (Grooming) from one Individual to Another (includes Mutual Grooming), Performed with the Upper Extremities or with the Mouth; (2) Social Play: Playful Behavior between Two or More Individuals Associated with Behavioral Indicators of Play (e.g., Play-Face, Laugh, Friendly Head Bobbing, Soft Knocking on the Ground, and Playful Chasing); (3) Sexual Behavior: Sexual Interaction, or search for Sexual Interaction, between Two Individuals Including Behaviors such as Copulation, Attempted Copulation, Genital Presentation, and Other Behaviors Directed Towards the Genitals of Another Individual; (4) Other Behaviors Identified as Affiliative, but do not fit the Criteria of Grooming, Social Play or Sexual Activity (Embrace, Feed Together and Follow).
9. Aggression-related Behaviors	Includes the Following Behaviors: (1) Agonistic Dominance: Threat-Related Behaviors such as Direct Aggression, Charging Display, Displacement and Resource Appropriation (e.g., Steal Food or Objects). Can be Accompanied by Vocalizations; (2) Agonistic Submission: Avoiding, Bared-Teeth, Displays, Food Submission (e.g., Leave/Drop Food and Move Away when Others try to Steal It), Hand-To-Mouth, Finger-To-Mouth. Can be Accompanied by Vocalizations such as Pant-Grunts. Includes Running Away from Others in Conflict Situations; (3) Other Behaviors Identified as Agonistic, but do not Fit the Criteria of Agonistic Dominance or Agonistic Submission. (Appeasing, Consolation, Reconciliation and Requesting Support).
Not Visible/Not Present	The Chimpanzee or the Behavior cannot be Identified, or the Chimpanzee is not in the Outdoor Enclosure (e.g., he is in the Sleeping Areas or in the Outdoor Cages).

* Participation, feeding and tool use were not mutually exclusive. Social proximity and all solitary behaviors (behaviors 1–6) were also not mutually exclusive (i.e., individuals could be in social proximity while simultaneously engaging in one of the solitary behaviors). Note: All behaviors were collected using 2-minute interval instantaneous scan sampling, except for self-directed behaviors, which were collected using untimed-event focal sampling.