QA treatment inhibits ROS production by HSV-1 infection in SK-N-SH cells. (A) SK-N-SH cells were infected with HSV-1 (MOI = 0.01) for 2 h and then treated with QA at 50 and 100 μg/mL and cultured for 30 h. ROS was labeled with DCFH-DA. The level of ROS was measured using flow cytometry. (B-D) SK-N-SH cells were infected with HSV-1 (MOI = 0.01) for 2 h and then treated with QA at 50 and 100 μg/mL and cultured for 48 h. (B) Whole cell extracts were subjected to western blot analysis for TNF-α and IL-6. β-actin was used as an internal control. (C) RNA was extracted from SK-N-SH cells, and TNF-α and IL-6 expression was measured by real-time PCR. (D) Whole cell extracts were subjected to western blot analysis for p-TBK1, TBK1, p-IRF3, IRF3, and VP16. β-Actin was used to confirm equal sample loading. The data are representative of three independent experiments and quantified as mean values ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test; *** p < 0.001, compared with the HSV-1 treatment.