Table 2.

In vitro Pre-analytical Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Confounders	Summary	Reference
Incubation, Storage, and Collection	Delay up to 6 h in specimen processing and storage temperature did not affect levels of CRP, but TNF-α decreased 50%	[20,89]
Diurnal Variability	No research study available demonstrating the effect of diurnal variation in natriuretic peptides	[93]
Centrifugation and Heat Denaturation	Stability of biomarkers should be ensured, such as temperature and time taken for centrifugation	[88]
Epitope Masking and/or Assay Specific Variability	Assays having acceptable analytical imprecision and high sensitivity with a low detection limit (LoD) of about 1 pg/tube	[99]