Table 4.
Summary of metabolomics-based clinical studies of glaucoma.
| Disease | Samples | Metabolic Biomarkers/Pathway | Analytical Platform | Untargeted/ Targeted |
Study Design | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POAG | plasma (−) | palmitoylcarnitine, hydroxyergocalciferol, C17 sphinganine, ergostanol | LC-MS/MS | Untargeted | case-control | [125] * |
| POAG | plasma (fasting) | octadecadienyl-carnitine (C18:1), methionine sulfoxide, propionyl-carnitine, PC (34:2), PC (34:4), PC (36:4) | LC-MS | Targeted (IDQ p180 kit) | − | [126] |
| POAG | plasma (fasting) | nicotinamide, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, cystathionine, N-acetyl-L-leucine, Arg, rac-glycerol 1-myristate, 1-oleoyl-rac-glycerol | LC-MS | Untargeted | − | [127] |
| PACG | plasma (fasting) | myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, arachidic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, AA, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, docosatetraenoioc acid, docosahexaenoic acid, tetracosanoic acid | LC-MS/MS | Targeted (FFAs, lipids) | cross-sectional | [128] |
| PACG | serum (fasting) | palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, AA | GC-MS | Targeted (FFAs) | − | [129] |
| POAG | serum (fasting) | Gly, Gly-Pro, Asp-Pro, citric acid, Lys, Glu-Ala, MHPG, hypoxanthine, 17-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate, 3α,7α-dihydroxycholanoic acid | GC-MS | Untargeted | − | [116] |
| OAG | aqueous humor | diacylglycerophosphocholines and 1-ether, 2-acylglycerophosphocholines, SM (d18:2/16:0), SM (d18:1/18:0) | LC-MS | Untargeted (lipidomic) | − | [130] * |
| POAG | aqueous humor | taurine, spermine, creatinine, carnitine, propionylcarnitine, acetylcarnitine, Gln, Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, hydroxyl-proline, acetyl-ornithine, SM (C18:1), LysoPC (C28:1), PC (34:1), PC (36:2), PC (36:4), PC (38:4), PC (32:1) | FIA-MS/MS | Untargeted (lipidomic) | case-control | [131] * |
| PCG | aqueous humor | Gly, Phe, urea | GC-MS | Untargeted | − | [132] |
| POAG, PEXG | aqueous humor | Arg, Lys, Gln, Tyr, His, creatine, 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-beta-l-altrose, 5-hydroxypentanoate, N(6)-acetonyllysine, propylene glycol, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate | NMR, LC-MS/MS | Untargeted | − | [117] |
| POAG | aqueous humor | biotin, glucose-1-phosphate, methylmalonic acid, N-cyclohexylformamide, sorbitol, spermidine, 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid, galactose, mannose, talose, erythronolactone, dehydroascorbic acid | GC-MS | Untargeted | case-control | [133] |
| POAG | aqueous humor | Lys, Arg, Cys, Gly, Gln, Phe, anthranilate, ascorbate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, myo-inositol, acetate, propylene glycol, 2-hydroxy-butyrate, creatine, choline, 4-aminobutanoate, isopropanol | NMR, LC-MS/MS | Untargeted | − | [118] |
| POAG | aqueous humor | betaine, taurine, Glu | NMR | Untargeted | cross-sectional | [65] |
| POAG | aqueous humor | adenine, N-acetyl alanine, hypoxanthine, Lys, Phe-Glu, nicotinamide, 2-aminobutyraldehyde, acetate | LC-MS | Targeted | − | [134] |
| POAG | aqueous humor, plasma (fasting) | cyclic AMP, methylbenzoic acid, 3′-sialyllactose, N-lactoyl-phenylalanine | LC-MS | Targeted | − | [115] |
| POAG | tear | Ala, Arg, Gln/Lys, Leu/Ile/Pro-OH, Met, Phe, Pro, Val, acetylcarnitine, LysoPC (C22:0), LysoPC (C24:0) | DI-MS | Targeted | − | [135] |
Amino acids [Ala: alanine; Arg: arginine; Asp: aspartic acid; Gly: glycine; Gln: glutamine; Glu: glutamic acid; Ile: isoleucine; His: histidine; Leu: leucine; Lys: lysine; Phe: phenylalanine; Pro: proline; Tyr: tyrosine; Val: valine]. Lipids [AA: arachidonic acid; LysoPC: lysophosphatidylcholine; MHPG: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol; PC: phosphatidylcholine; SM: sphingomyelin]. DI-MS: direct infusion mass spectrometry. * indicates partial list of differential metabolites. −: not stated in the article.