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. 2021 Sep 26;9(10):1326. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9101326

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Proposed mechanism of PBUTs-ROS-driven NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in proximal tubule epithelial cells. After reaching the cells, IS and other PBUTs lead to both (1) NF-κB signaling activation (p50/p65 translocation to the nucleus and transcription initiation) and (2) ROS production and oxidative stress. Following enhanced transcription of IL-1β and production of pro-IL-1β, ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome is assembled thus leading to caspase-1 activation, and subsequent (3) proteolytic cleavage of pro-IL-1β into IL-1β that is (4) secreted by the cells. Created with BioRender.com.