Figure 2.

Illustration of possible microbiota–host epithelial cell–C. parvum interactions, with description of diverse specialized gut cells of the small intestinal villi. It has been shown that bacteria-derived indole might act as a faecal-derived biomarker for cryptosporidiosis susceptibility in humans. In addition, the faecal-bacteria-derived indole was suggested to define the metabolic interaction between bacteria and C. parvum. On the other hand, yeast-derived molecules have been proven to reduce infection-derived pathological lesions in bovines and, thus, used to ameliorate cryptosporidiosis in calves in the field. pO₂ is presented as mm/HG.