Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and neurochemical data of the four patients.
| Patient 1 | Patient 2 | Patient 3 | Patient 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | Female | Male | Female |
| Age (years) | 76 | 76 | 81 | 83 |
| Education (years) | 6 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Disease duration (years) | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| ACE-R [37] | 77/100 | 51/100 | 49/100 | 44/100 |
| MMSE [38] | 29/30 | 23/30 | 15/30 | 14/30 |
| IADL [39] | 7/8 | 8/8 | 3/8 | 2/8 |
| 5-words delayed recall [40] | 2 + 3/5 | 0 + 0/5 | 0 + 2/5 | 1 + 1/5 |
| FAB [41] | 9/18 | 10/18 | 5/18 | 3/18 |
| CLOX1 [42] | 9/15 | 12/15 | 0/15 | 4/15 |
| CLOX2 [42] | 10/15 | 12/15 | 0/15 | 6/15 |
| GDS [43] | 5/15 | 4/15 | 3/15 | 2/15 |
| CDR sum of boxes [44] | 1 | 0 | 10 | 12 |
| CDR overall [44] | 0.5 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Clinical diagnosis | Incipient dementia (frontal-like?) | PPA logopenic | NPH; VCI | CBS-like; VCI; NPH (?) |
| Aβ42 (pg/mL) (normal > 500) | 492.8 ↓ | 864.5 | 262.1 ↓ | 627.9 |
| Aβ40 (pg/mL) | 13938 | 12185 | NA | 11648 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 (normal > 0.09) | 0.035 ↓ | 0.071 ↓ | NA | 0.054 ↓ |
| τP-181 (pg/mL) (normal < 60) | 161.6 ↑ | 110.1 ↑ | 62.3 ↑ | 82.6 ↑ |
| τT (pg/mL) (normal < 400) | 557.7 ↑ | 490.5 ↑ | 420.1 ↑ | 427.1 ↑ |
| AT(N) profile [18] | A+T+(N)+ | A+T+(N)+ | A+T+(N)+ | A+T+(N)+ |
| Final diagnosis | AD | AD | NPH + VCI + AD | AD mixed |
ACE-R: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised, MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination, IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery, GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale, CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating, PPA: Primary Progressive Aphasia, NPH: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, CBS: Corticobasal Syndrome, VCI: Vascular Cognitive Impairment, NA: not available. ↓ Decreased levels, ↑ increased levels, ? diagnostic uncertainty remains.