Table 3.
In vivo antioxidant activity of terpenoids.
| Compounds | Experimental Approach | Key Results | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Camphor | Atrazine-induced toxicity | Increased SOD activity. | [118] |
| Reduced MDA levels. | |||
| Carvacrol | N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver injury in mice | Decreased the levels of lipid peroxides. | [116] |
| Elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. | |||
| Significantly increased the activities of GPx, GR, GSH, G6PD, vitamin (Vit. A), Vit. C and Vit. E. | |||
| Carvacrol | Acute myocardial infarction | Decreased MDA content. | [126] |
| in mice | Increased SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px activities. | ||
| Carvacrol | Restraint-stress-induced oxidative stress damage in the brain, liver, and kidney | Reduced MDA content. | [117] |
| Elevated GSH, SOD, GPx, GR, and CAT activities. | |||
| Carvacrol | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | Reduced malondialdehyde. | [112] |
| Increased significantly glutathione levels. | |||
| Carvacrol | STZ-induced diabetic rats | Reduced levels of tissue malondialdehyde. | [119] |
| Increased antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx,). | |||
| Carvacrol | Weaning-induced intestinal dysfunction in piglets | Significantly elevated superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. | [122] |
| Decreased TBARS levels. | |||
| Carvacrol | Aluminium-induced oxidative stress | Increased GSH concentration. | [97] |
| Decreased MDA concentration. | |||
| Increased CAT and SOD activities. | |||
| Citral | Streptozotocin/high-fat-diet-induced diabetic dyslipidemic rats | Significant reduction in the level of MDA. | [114] |
| Attenuated protein carbonyl content. | |||
| Significantly improved the activity of SOD. | |||
| Significantly restored the activity of catalase. | |||
| Significant increase in Gpx activity. | |||
| D-limonene | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | Reduced malondialdehyde and NO. | [110] |
| Elevated GSH levels. | |||
| Increased GPx, CAT, and SOD activities. | |||
| Significant elevation in mRNA levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. | |||
| Geraniol | Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury | Increased GSH levels. | [111] |
| Normalized malondialdehyde. | |||
| Decreased Keap1 expression. | |||
| Elevated the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. | |||
| Elevated expression levels of HO-1. | |||
| Geraniol | Isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity | Increased GSH levels. | [125] |
| Elevated GPx, CAT, and SOD activities. | |||
| Activated Nrf2. | |||
| Upregulation of HO-1 expression. | |||
| Kaempferol | Alcohol-induced liver injury in mice | Increased antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione). | [121] |
| Decreased malondialdehyde. | |||
| Attenuating the activity and expression of CYP2E1. | |||
| (-)-linalool | Oxygen–glucose-deprivation-induced neuronal injury | Significantly increased SOD. | [115] |
| Linalool | Amyloid-beta-induced cognitive deficits and damages in mice | Elevated dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. | [123] |
| Reduced the malondialdehyde content. | |||
| Reduced the AChE level. | |||
| Activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. | |||
| Thymol | Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury mice | Decreased malondialdehyde and MPO levels. | [120] |
| Model | Increased superoxide dismutase activity. | ||
| Thymol | Type 2 diabetes in a streptozotocin-induced rat model | Significantly improved FRAP value. | [109] |
| Decreased the levels of AOPP value. | |||
| Significantly decreased MDA level. | |||
| Elevated erythrocyte GSH levels. | |||
| Elevated % DPPH. | |||
| Thymol | LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice | Significantly reduced the MPO activity. | [124] |
| Significantly reduced MDA content. |