Table 1.
Frequency (F) and average incidence (I) of 42 wheat seed-borne fungus species in each of the 25 wheat-growing governorates of Egypt a.
| Fungus | Governorate a | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Port Said | Damietta | Al-Gharbia | Kafr El-Sheikh | Al-Dakahlia | Al-Behera | Alexandria | Matrouh | Sinai | Suez | Al-Ismaelia | Al-Sharkia | - | - | |||||||||||||
| F% b | I% c | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | - | - | |
| Alternaria alternata | 100 | 79.8 | 100 | 65.1 | 100 | 61.4 | 100 | 83.4 | 100 | 71.8 | 75 | 55.8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 59.5 | 100 | 53.9 | 100 | 38.8 | 100 | 80.5 | 100 | 65.7 | - | - |
| A. chlamydospora | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 8.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | |
| A. hungarica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 10.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| A. infectoria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 6.1 | - | - |
| A. obovoidea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0.3 | - | - |
| Arthrobotrys sp. | 80 | 79.8 | 78 | 3.4 | 63 | 1.4 | 89 | 2.2 | 83 | 8.5 | 100 | 6.4 | 86 | 3.9 | 43 | 1.4 | 38 | 0.3 | 25 | 0.13 | 63 | 0.7 | 56 | 6.2 | - | - |
| Bipolaris cynodontis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| B. sorokiniana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| B. tetramera | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Byssochlamys spectabilis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0.2 | - | - |
| Cephalosporium acremonium | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0.2 | 25 | 4.8 | 22 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 1.1 | - | - |
| Cephalosporium sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 18.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Cladosporium anthropophilum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 13.9 | - | - |
| Cladosporium spp. | 100 | 18.2 | 100 | 15.4 | 100 | 21.9 | 100 | 10.2 | 100 | 9.6 | 100 | 6.6 | 86 | 10.6 | 100 | 62.3 | 88 | 19.4 | 100 | 80.5 | 100 | 30.7 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Curvularia spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Epicoccum purpurascens | 80 | 1.2 | 89 | 2.1 | 100 | 0.8 | 100 | 5.2 | 92 | 2.63 | 100 | 6.3 | 86 | 1.2 | 43 | 0.9 | 88 | 2.4 | 75 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Exserohilum rostratum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Fusarium equiseti | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| F. fujikuroi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| F. proliferatum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| F. verticillioides | 60 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.06 | 22 | 0.1 | 8 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.13 | 25 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0.9 | - | - |
| Fusarium spp. | 40 | 0.6 | 33 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Mucor spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Nigrospora spp. | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.04 | 25 | 0.2 | 29 | 0.3 | 29 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0.3 | 38 | 0.3 | 22 | 0.17 | - | - |
| Penicillium spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0.4 | 25 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 0.3 | 63 | 11.3 | 25 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0.11 | - | - |
| Stemphylium globuliferum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 30.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 11.3 | - | - |
| Stemphylium spp. | 100 | 35.9 | 100 | 15.8 | 100 | 24.1 | 100 | 34.1 | 0 | 0 | 88 | 13.6 | 100 | 23 | 100 | 12.4 | 88 | 13 | 100 | 6.13 | 100 | 22.4 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| S. vesicarium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 10.2 | - | - |
| Trichothecium roseum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 7.9 | 13 | 0.3 | 25 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0.4 | - | - |
| Ulocladium spp. | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0.06 | 25 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0.2 | 50 | 0.3 | 14 | 0.1 | 29 | 0.6 | 50 | 2.9 | 50 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Verticillium spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Fungus | Governorate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Al-Fayoum | Al-Qalyobia | Al-Menofia | Al-Giza | Al-Nobaria | Bani Suef | Al-Menia | Qena | Assiut | Sohag | New Valley | Luxor | Aswan | ||||||||||||||
| F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | F% | I% | |
| Alternaria alternata | 100 | 52 | 100 | 70.7 | 100 | 67.9 | 100 | 22 | 100 | 80.1 | 100 | 22.6 | 100 | 15.8 | 100 | 17.3 | 100 | 30.8 | 100 | 14.9 | 100 | 30.7 | 100 | 7.8 | 100 | 25.7 |
| Arthrobotrys spp. | 38 | 0.7 | 75 | 4 | 75 | 1.8 | 43 | 0.3 | 88 | 26.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 25 | 1 | 38 | 1.4 | 25 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 11.8 |
| Bipolaris austrostipae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B. cynodontis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B. hawaiiensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B. sorokiniana | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0.9 | 25 | 0.13 | 13 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.6 |
| B. tetramera | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bipolaris spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.13 |
| Cephalosporium acremonium | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.4 | 43 | 1.3 | 13 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 0.9 | 50 | 0.7 | 13 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C. sclerotigenum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cephalosporium spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 23.3 | 13 | 0.1 |
| Cladosporium spp. | 100 | 39.9 | 100 | 25.8 | 100 | 26.7 | 100 | 73.9 | 88 | 18.3 | 100 | 69.7 | 100 | 66.7 | 100 | 72.6 | 100 | 70.3 | 100 | 69.6 | 100 | 63.8 | 75 | 65.6 | 100 | 84.6 |
| Curvularia lunata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu. mebaldsii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Epicoccum purpurascens | 63 | 1.4 | 75 | 2.6 | 50 | 1.1 | 71 | 0.8 | 63 | 2.1 | 75 | 0.9 | 50 | 0.5 | 63 | 0.7 | 100 | 3 | 63 | 1.1 | 50 | 0.5 | 63 | 1.3 | 50 | 1.6 |
| Exserohilum rostratum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fusarium incarnatum | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.13 | 13 | 0.13 | 38 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| F. oxysporum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| F. proliferatum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.4 | 13 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| F. thapsinum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| F. verticillioides | 50 | 0.6 | 50 | 2.4 | 38 | 1.8 | 29 | 1.9 | 13 | 5.4 | 50 | 0.9 | 75 | 1.5 | 88 | 6.8 | 75 | 2.13 | 63 | 5.13 | 88 | 5.6 | 50 | 0.6 | 13 | 0.1 |
| Fusarium spp. | 38 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.25 | 14 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mucor spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.3 | 25 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nigrospora spp. | 50 | 0.5 | 25 | 0.13 | 38 | 0.4 | 29 | 0.4 | 13 | 0.13 | 25 | 0.13 | 63 | 1.1 | 50 | 0.3 | 38 | 0.7 | 13 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.13 |
| Penicillium spp. | 63 | 2.4 | 63 | 2.6 | 38 | 1.2 | 14 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.13 | 38 | 0.3 | 75 | 2.9 | 38 | 0.2 | 50 | 0.5 | 25 | 0.8 | 13 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.13 | 13 | 3.1 |
| Rhizopus spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Stemphylium spp. | 88 | 16.3 | 88 | 14.8 | 88 | 21.9 | 100 | 11.1 | 100 | 16.6 | 88 | 18.4 | 100 | 13.4 | 100 | 10.2 | 100 | 19.1 | 88 | 11.4 | 63 | 5.1 | 100 | 4.1 | 63 | 2.3 |
| Trichothecium roseum | 25 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.2 | 63 | 1.3 | 14 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 4.2 | 13 | 0.8 | 13 | 0.1 | 63 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Ulocladium spp. | 38 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.13 | 38 | 0.3 | 29 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.13 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.13 | 38 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Verticillium nigrescens | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Verticillium spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
a Twenty-five wheat-growing governorates were surveyed during April–May in 2019 for wheat seed-borne fungi. For each governorate, four districts were selected; in each district, two villages in opposite directions were selected, and one wheat field from each village was sampled. Thus, eight wheat grain samples were collected from each governorate. For each sample, 400 grains were tested using a deep-freezing blotter method (DFB). b F = frequency of fungal species detected. F (%) = (number of seed samples in which a species occurred/total number of seed samples) × 100. c I = average incidence of a fungal species detected in a governorate (n = 8). I (%) = (number of seeds in which a species occurred/total number of seeds) × 100.