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. 2021 Oct 2;9(10):1378. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9101378

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The figure depicts the insulin pathways based on inositol. On the one hand, IRS1 and IRS2 remove the inhibition of p85 on p110, thus promoting the conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, leading to the activation of downstream effectors such as Akt. On the other hand, an enzyme of the phosphodiesterase family, whose identity is, to date, debated and which could be PLC or PLD, cleaves DCI-IPGs from the membrane, allowing downstream transmission of the signal. DCI-IPG: DCI-based inositol phosphoglycans; INS: Insulin; IRS1/IRS2: Insulin Receptor Substrate 1/Insulin Receptor Substrate 2; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate; PLC: Phospholipase C; PLD: Phospholipase D.