Table 1.

Examples of the study of AO activity of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.

Strain and Species of Bacteria	The Investigated Component of Bacteria	Experiment Duration	Cell Lines	Animal Model	Studed Group of People	Tests Used	Research Results	References
B. animalis 01	Intact cells, culture supernatant, intracellular cell-free extracts					Inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. Scavenge DPPH; scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions.	All investigated probiotic forms had AO activity.	[59]
81 Lactobacilli strains of 6 different species	Cell-free culture supernatant					Test system based on E. coli MG1655 strains carrying plasmids encoding luminescent biosensors pSoxS-lux and pKatG-lux.	51 strains demonstrated AO activity.	[61]
B. longum CCFM752, L. plantarum CCFM1149, L. plantarum CCFM10	Cell-free culture supernatant		A7R5			Determination of the angiotensin-II-induced ROS levels, catalase NADPH oxidase, and intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Regulation of the expression of NADPH oxidase activator 1 (Noxa1) and angiotensinogen.	Suppression of the angiotensin-II-induced increases in ROS levels (all three strains); Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation (B. longum CCFM752, L. plantarum CCFM1149); Enhancement of the intracellular SOD activity (L. plantarum CCFM1149); Downregulation of the expression of NADPH oxidase activator 1 (Noxa1) and angiotensinogen (B. longum CCFM752).	[65]
L. acidophilus ATCC 43121, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. acidophilus 606, L. brevis ATCC 8287, L. casei YIT 9029, L. casei ATCC 393, L. rhamnosus GG	Heat-killed cell (HK); the soluble polysaccharides (SP) components of bacterial cells		Cancer cell lines HT-29, HeLa, MCF-7, U-87, HepG-2, U2Os, PANC-1, hEF			Antiproliferative effects on the cancer cells. Induction of apoptosis. Scavenging activity of the DPPH free radicals.	HK of L. acidophilus 606 and L. casei ATCC 393 exhibited the most profound inhibitory activity in the all of tested cell lines; SP of L. acidophilus 606 evidenced the effective anticancer activity.	[66]
L. brevis MG000874	Intact cells, intracellular cell-free extract	8 weeks		Albino mice exposed to D-galactose- induced OS		AO enzymes were quantified in liver, kidney, and serum of animals.	The treated animals displayed improvement in SOD, CAT, and GST in all tissues, as well as GSH in the liver and serum.	[68]
L. fermentum U-21	Intact cells	C. elegans (1–2 days); mice (23 days)		C57/BL6 mice, C. elegans exposed to paraquat-induced OS		The impact on the life span of C. elegans; A murine model of Parkinson’s disease	The lifespan of the C. elegans was extended by 25%. L. fermentum U-21 ensured normal coordination of movements and the safety of dopaminergic neurons in the brain.	[72]
L. plantarum A7 (KC 355240, LA7)	Probiotic soy milk, 200 mL/day	8 weeks			24 type 2 diabetic kidney disease patients	Malondialdehyde, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2a, oxidized glutathione, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were measured in the serum.	Oxidized glutathione concentration was significantly reduced; the levels of GSH, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were significantly increased; no significant reduction in the 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, malondialdehyde and no induction of TAC were detected.	[75]
Various probiotics and synbiotics					27 articles that included 1363 subjects (709 cases and 699 controls)	Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), andmalondialdehyde (MDA) were taken into account.	TAC, GSH, SOD, and NO were higher in probiotics (or synbiotics) group compared to controls. MDA level was lower than controls.	[76]
L. acidophilus, L. casei, B. bifidum	Capsules with intact cells (Tak Gen Zist Pharmaceutical Company, Tehran, Iran)	12 weeks			Diabetic hemodialysis patients, 28 cases and 27placebos.	Plasma glucose, serum insulin, assessment-estimated insulin resistance, assessment-estimated beta-cell function and HbA1c, insulin sensitivity, serum C-reactive protein, plasma malondialdehyde, total iron-binding capacity, and plasma total antioxidant capacity were determined.	Patients who received probiotic supplements showed significantly decreased plasma glucose, serum insulin, assessment-estimated insulin resistance and beta-cell function and HbA1c, insulin sensitivity, serum C-reactive protein, plasma malondialdehyde, and total iron-binding capacity. Patients showed an increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity.	[74]