Table 2.
A gene catalog comprising the key bacterial enzymes relevant to antioxidation.
| Enzyme Name | Function | Gene | Strain | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Superoxide dismutase | Superoxide anion scavenging. |
sod LSEI_RS08890 |
L. paracasei ATCC 334 | [168] |
| Catalase manganese-dependent |
Catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. | C1940_16840 |
L. plantarum LB1-2, Plasmid pLB1-2A |
[46] |
| Catalase heme-dependent |
Catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. |
kat Lpsk_RS08010 |
L. plantarum 90sk | [199] |
| Ferredoxin | Iron chelation activity. | BL1563 | B. longum NCC2705 | [83,84] |
| Peroxidase (thiol peroxidase) |
Shows substrate specificity toward alkyl hydroperoxides over hydrogen peroxide. |
tpx, Lb15f_RS10100 |
L. brevis 15f | [95] |
| Peroxidase (DyP-type haem peroxidase) |
Wide substrate specificity, degrades the typical peroxidase substrates. | BWL06_08750 | L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [199] |
| Glutamate–cysteine ligase (γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase) |
Glutathione synthesis, first stage. |
ghsA AAX72_RS0316 HMPREF9003_RS10030 |
L. brevis 47f B. dentium JCVIHMP022 |
[119,199], BioCyc |
| gamma-glutamate-cysteine ligase/glutathione synthetase | Glutathione synthesis, both stages. |
ghsF(AB), BWL06_02245, |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [119,120] |
| Glutathione peroxidase | Reduces glutathione to glutathione disulfide; reduces lipid hydroperoxides to alcohols. |
gpo, BWL06_06975 |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [122,199] |
| Glutathione S-transferase | Catalyzes the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates. |
gst, LCA12A_RS05970 |
L. casei 12A | [122] |
| Glutathione reductase | Catalyzes the reduction of the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) to the reduced form. |
gshR/gor, BWL06_06300, BWL06_09445 |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [126,199] |
| Thiol reductant ABC exporter subunit CydC | Glutathione import. |
cydC, C0965_RS00870 |
L. fermentum U-21 | [121] |
| Thiol reductant ABC exporter subunit CydD | Glutathione import. |
cydD, C0965_RS00865 |
L. fermentum U-21 | [121] |
| Glutaredoxin | Reduce dehydroascorbate, peroxiredoxins, and methionine sulfoxide reductase. Reduced non-enzymatically by glutathione. |
grxA ACT00_RS12315 grx1, grxC2 BBMN68_1397 |
L. rhamnosus 313 B. longum BBMN68 |
[83,105,126] |
| Glutaredoxin-like NrdH protein | Characterized by a glutaredoxin-like amino acid sequence and thioredoxin-like activity profile. Reduced by thioredoxin reductase. |
nrd HC0965_RS00895 BL0668 |
L. fermentum U-21 B. longum NCC2705 |
[121] |
| Peroxiredoxin (alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C) |
Reduces H2O2, organic peroxides, and peroxynitrite. |
tpx (ahpC), C0965_RS09890, ahpC, BL0615 |
L. fermentum U-21 B. longum NCC2705 |
[105,106,108] |
| Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, subunits F | Catalyzes the NADH-dependent reduction of the peroxiredoxin AhpC. |
ahpF, LM010_05765 |
L. manihotivorans LM010 | [200] |
| Peroxideroxin OsmC family |
Peroxidase activity with a strong preference for organic hydroperoxides. | C0965_RS08900 BLI010_09070 |
L. fermentum U-21 B. infantis JCM 7010 |
[200] |
| Peroxiredoxin Q/BCP | Protein reduces and detoxifies hydroperoxides, shows substrate selectivity toward fatty acid hydroperoxides. | LTBL16_ 000976 BL0615 |
B. longum LTBL16 B. longum NCC2705 |
[83,104,177] |
| Thioredoxin | Reduction of disulfide bonds of other proteins by cysteine thiol–disulfide exchange. |
trxA, B, BWL06_01960, BWL06_03620, BWL06_06900, BWL06_08715, BBMN68_991, BLD_ 0988 |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 B. longum DJO10A |
[83,103,105,112,199] |
| Thioredoxin reductase | Reduction of oxidized thioredoxins and glutaredoxin-like NrdH protein. |
trxC, BWL06_10585, trxB, BBMN68_RS07015 EH079_RS10430 BL0649 |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 B. longum BBMN68 B. longum LTBL16 B. longum NCC2705 |
[103,104,105,108,177,199] |
| NAD(P)H oxidase | Source of cellular reactive oxygen species, transfers electrons from NADPH to oxygen molecule. |
nox, BWL06_00410 BWL06_08660 LTBL16_ 001911 |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 B. longum LTBL16 |
[95,108,177,199] |
| NAD(P)H peroxidase. | Reduces H2O2 to water. | BWL06_10580, BWL06_10615, BWL06_12965 |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [199] |
| NADH flavin oxidoreductase | Enzyme reduces free flavins by NADH. Is inducible by the hydrogen peroxide. | BWL06_01550 BWL06_07320 | L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [199] |
| Pyruvate oxidase | Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in the presence of phosphate and oxygen, yielding acetyl phosphate, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide. | BWL06_03605 BWL06_08165 BWL06_10985 BWL06_10995 |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [199] |
| Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase | Generates H2O2-forming NADH oxidase activity and indirect production of H2O2. | BWL06_03855 BWL06_09870 pyrK CNCMI_0917 pyrD CNCMI_0378 |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 B.bifidum CNCMI-4319 |
[114,199] |
| Oxygen-dependent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase | Involved in detoxifying molecular oxygen and/or H2O2. | Balat_0893 | B. lactis DSM 10140 | [100] |
| Possible Class I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase (PNDR) |
Enzyme is involved in the cellular oxidative stress response. | BL1626 Lp19_3298 |
B. longum NCC 2705 L. plantarum 19.1 |
[105,115] |
| P-type ATPase | Transport of manganese to the bacterial cell. |
mntP BWL06_09205 zntA1 BBMN68_1149 |
L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 B. longum BBMN68 |
[105,199] |
| Manganese ABC transporter ATP-binding protein | Transport of manganese to the bacterial cell. | BWL06_12065 | L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [199] |
| ABC transporter | Transport of manganese to the bacterial cell. | BWL06_12070 | L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [199] |
| Metal ABC transporter substrate-binding protein | Transport of manganese to the bacterial cell. | BWL06_12075 | L. plantarum KLDS1.0391 | [199] |
| Ferritin; ferroxidase; DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein |
Enzymes catalyzes the oxidation ofFe2+ ions by hydrogen peroxide, which prevents hydroxyl radical production by the Fenton reaction. |
dps, LBP_RS12440 A1F92_RS15895 BL0618 |
L. plantarum P-8 L. plantarum CAUH2 plasmid pCAUH203 B. longum NCC2705 |
[108,113] |
| DsbA family oxidoreductase | Catalyzes intrachain disulfide bond formation as peptides emerge into the cell’s periplasm. |
dsbA, LBHH_RS12125, A1F92_RS15940 MCC00353_12020 |
L. helveticus H10, L. plantarum CAUH2 pCAUH203, B. longum MCC00353 |
[113] BioCyc |
| Hydrogen peroxide resistance protein | Upregulated by both oxygen and hydrogen peroxide stress. | hprA1 | L. casei strain Shirota. | [112] |
| Transcriptional regulator. Copper transporting ATPase |
Metabolism/chelation of copper ions. |
copR, JDM1_2697, copB, JDM1_2696 |
L. plantarum JDM1 | [86] |
| Ribonucleotide reductase | DNA oxidative damage-protective protein. |
nrdA, BL1752 LBP_cg2187 |
B. longum NCC2705 L. plantarum P-8 |
[105,109] |
| Nucleotide triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolases | DNA oxidative damage-protective proteins. | mutT1 | B. longum BBMN68 | [105] |
| Phytoene synthase Phytoene desaturase |
Biosynthesis of carotenoids. |
crtM, GMA16_RS13840, crtN GMA16_RS13835 |
L. plantarum KCCP11226 | [151] |
| Histidine decarboxylase | Synthesis of histamine. | LAR_RS09695 | L. reuteri JCM 1112 | [152] |
| NAD-dependent protein deacetylase of SIR2 family | Involved in the response to oxidative stress. NAD + -dependent deacetylation of σH and transcription factor FOXO3a. Improve foxo-dependent transcription of antioxidant enzymes and reduce ROS levels in cells. |
sir2, LP_RS01895, LTBL16_ 002010 |
L. plantarum WSFS1 B. longum LTBL16 |
[82,176] |
| Linoleic acid isomerase | Partcipates in linoleic acid metabolism. Conjugated linoleic acid metabolites exhibit the ability to protect cells from oxidative effects. |
lai CNCMI4319_0491 SN35N_1476 |
B. bifidum CNCM I-4319 L. plantarum SN35N |
[190] |
| Cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase | Catalyzes cyclopropane fatty acid (cell-surface component) biosynthesis. | BBMN68_1705 EC76_GL001195 EC76_GL002960 |
B. longum BBMN68 L. plantarum ATCC 14917 |
[105] |
| Feruloyl esterase | Hydrolyzes and releases ferulic acid from its bound state. | LA20079_RS01515 |
L. acidophilus DSM 20079 |
[145] |
| Riboflavin biosynthesis operon | Riboflavin biosynthesis. |
ribA, B, H, G, Lpsk_RS01975, Lpsk_RS01960, Lpsk_RS01970, Lpsk_RS01965 |
L. plantarum 90sk | [158] |
| Cobalamin biosynthesis | Cobalamin biosynthesis. | At least 30 genes | L. reuteri JCM 112(T) | [155] |
| Hydroxycinnamic acid esterase | Release of hydroxycinnamates from plant-based dietary sources. | caeA | B. longum | [141] |
| S-adenosylhomocysteinase, S-ribosylhomocysteinase |
Synthesizes cysteine from methionine using homocysteine as an intermediate. |
ahcY, luxS BLIJ_2075 FC12_GL001705 |
B. infantis ATCC 15697 L. paracasei subsp. tolerans DSM 20258 |
[131] |
| Subtilisin-like serine protease, cell envelope protease | Catalyzes the cleavage of peptide bonds. |
aprE, cep |
B. longum KACC91563 | [130] |
| Tyramine dehydrogenase | p-Hydroxyphenylacetate production. | hpa | Bifidobacterium spp. | [134] |
| Indolelactate dehydratase | Indoleacrylic acid production. | gene cluster (fldAIBC) | Bifidobacterium spp. | [132] |
| Phenyllactate dehydratase | Indolepropionic acid production. | gene cluster (fldAIBC) | Bifidobacterium spp. | [132] |
| 4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase | Tetrahydrofolate production. |
pabC LOSG293_010660 |
B. adolescentis ATCC15703, B. pseudocatenulatum Schleiferilactobacillus oryzae JCM 18671 |
[148,149,150,151] |
| PLP synthase: pyridoxal 5′-phosphate synthase PdxS subunit, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate synthase PdxT subunit |
Pyridoxal phosphate production. |
pdxS, pdxT |
B. longum, B. adolescentis |
[147,150] |
| Cobaltochelatase, adenosylcobyric acid synthase |
Adenosylcobalamin synthesis. |
cobQ LSA02_15070 |
B. animalis, B. infantis, B. longum, L. sakei NBRC 5893 |
[152,154] |
| 9 and 10-Dehydroxylase | Conversion of ellagic acid into urolithin A. | B. pseudocatenulatum INIA P815 | [149] |