ECSW therapy reduced the ketamine-induced inflammatory cell infiltration in rat urinary bladder by day 42 after ketamine administration. (A–D) Illustrating the immunofluorescent (IF) microscopic finding (400×) for identification of positively-stained COX-2 cells (green color). (E) Analytical result of percentage of COX-2+ cells in high-power field, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p < 0.0001. (F–I) Illustrating the IF microscopic finding (400×) for identification of positively-stained substance P cells (red color). (J) Analytical result of percentage of substance P+ cells in high-power field, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §), p < 0.0001. Scale bar in right lower corner represents 20 µm. All statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post hoc test (n = 6 for each group). Symbols (*, †, ‡, §) indicate significance (at 0.05 level). ECSW = extracorporeal shock wave.