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. 2021 Oct 18;10(10):1060. doi: 10.3390/biology10101060

Table 5.

Carotenoid accumulation at different light intensities.

Investigated Light Intensity, μmol photons m−2 s−1 Optimal Light Intensity for Carotenoid Synthesis, μmol photons m−2 s−1 Species and Strain Carotenoid Content in Dry Weight, mg g−1 Productivity, mg L−1 day−1 References
36.7, 69.5, 102.3 69.5 Tetradesmus obliquus all carotenoids 374.30 [123]
21, 42, 63 63 Nostoc calcicola all carotenoids 6.88 [124]
40, 160 40 Phormidium sp. all carotenoids 4.62 [92]
1200 Haematococcus lacustris CCAP 34/7 Astaxanthin 590.31 [121]
350 Haematococcus lacustris Astaxanthin 21.8 [125]
50, 100, 200, 400 400 Chromochloris zofingiensis Astaxanthin 2.88 9.9 [122]
90, 460, 920 460, 920 Chromochloris zofingiensis Astaxanthin 1.5 [126]
350 Chromochloris zofingiensis Astaxanthin 6.3 [125]
350 Coelastrella oocystiformis (=Scotiellopsis oocystiformis) Astaxanthin 6.4 [125]
350 Neochloris wimmeri Astaxanthin 19.3 [125]
350 Scenedesmus vacuolatus Astaxanthin 1.5 [125]
350 Protosiphon botryoides Astaxanthin 14.3 [125]
1200 Haematococcus lacustris CCAP 34/7 Zeaxanthin 108.50 [121]
200, 500, 1000, 1500 1500 Dunaliella salina DF15 all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene 3.5 and 2.3 [48]
200, 500, 1000, 1500 1500 Dunaliella salina DF17 all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene 1.3 and 0.2 [48]
200, 500, 1000, 1500 1500 Dunaliella salina DF40 all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene 2.6 and 2.0 [48]
200, 500, 1000, 1500 1500 Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/30 all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene 3.2 and 0.2 [48]
200, 500, 1000, 1500 1500 Dunaliella bardawil UTEX 2538 (=Dunaliella salina) all-trans β-carotene 2.9 and 2.2 [48]
200, 500, 1000, 1500 1000 Dunaliella bardawil UTEX 2538 (=Dunaliella salina) 9-cis β-carotene 2.9 and 2.2 [48]
1200 Haematococcus lacustris CCAP 34/7 β-carotene 59.99 [124]
33, 170, 280 33 (35 °C) Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 β-carotene 4.41 [127]
33, 170, 280 170 (35 °C) Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 β-carotene 3.21 [127]
33, 170, 280 280 (30 °C) Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 Lutein 2.24 [127]
33, 170, 280 170 (35 °C) Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 Lutein 3.17 [127]
90, 460, 920 90 Chromochloris zofingiensis Lutein 4.0 [126]
92, 230, 368, 460, 690, 920, 1495 690 Chlorella sorokiniana * Lutein 3.1 [128]
300 Tetradesmus obliquus FSP-3 Lutein 4.08 [78]

* 28 °C, 2 mM NaCl, 40 mM nitrate and under mixotrophic conditions.