Table 4.
Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic fruit extracts obtained from different spices of genus Piper.
| Microbial Species | P. nigrum | P. longum | P. retrofractum | Reference drug | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black 1 | Black 2 | Black 3 | White | Green | Red | ||||
| MIC (mg/mL) | MIC (mg/L) | ||||||||
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 1 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.98 1 |
| S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 | >4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 4 | 4 | 0.98 1 |
| M. luteus ATCC 10240 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.12 1 |
| B. cereus ATCC 10876 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.98 1 |
| E. faecalis ATCC 29212 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 4 | 4 | >4 | 4 | >4 | 1.95 1 |
| S. mutans ATCC 25175 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | >4 | 4 | 0.98 1 |
| A. israelii ATCC 10049 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.0625 | 0.0625 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 1 |
| C. perfringens ATCC 13124 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1.95 3 |
| C. jejunii ATCC 33291 | 4 | >4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 0.125 2 |
| S. Typhimurium ATCC14028 | >4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 0.061 2 |
| E. coli ATCC 25922 | >4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 0.015 2 |
| P. mirabilis ATCC 12453 | >4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 2 | 2 | >4 | >4 | 0.03 2 |
| K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 | >4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 0.122 2 |
| P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027l | >4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 4 | >4 | >4 | >4 | 0.488 2 |
| B. fragilis ATCC 10240 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.98 3 |
| P. intermedia ATCC 25611 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | >4 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.488 3 |
| F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.0625 | 0.125 | 0.0625 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.0625 | 1.95 3 |
| V. parvula ATCC 10790 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1.95 3 |
| C glabrata ATCC 90030 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0.24 4 |
| C. albicans ATCC 102231 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0.48 4 |
| C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.24 4 |
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) present representative values of three determinations; the superscript numbers indicate the use of (1) vancomycin, (2) ciprofloxacin, (3) metronidazole and (4) nystatin as the standard drugs towards Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes and yeasts, respectively.